Suborder

Axonophora Frech, 1897

Selection of related publications
Maletz, J., Ahlberg, P. 2021. Dapingian to lower Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) graptolite biostratigraphy and correlation of the Krapperup drill core, Scania, Sweden. GFF 143, 1, 16-39. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2020.1822439
Maletz, J., Ahlberg, P., Lundberg, F. 2020. Ordovician graptolite biostratigraphy of the Röstånga-2 drill core (Scania, southern Sweden). GFF 142, 3, 206-222. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2020.1739743
Loydell, D. K., Walasek, N. 2020. Two new species of graptolite from the Telychian (upper Llandovery, Silurian) of Kallholn, Dalarna, Sweden. GFF 142, 2, 154-157. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2019.1686419
Kozłowska, A., Bates, D., Zalasiewicz, J., Radzevičius, S. 2019. Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania . Zootaxa 4568, 3, 435. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4568.3.2
Štorch, P., Manda, Š. 2019. Little known Homerian (lower Silurian) graptolites from Kosov quarry near Beroun, the Czech republic. Fossil Imprint 75, 1, 44-58. DOI:10.2478/if-2019-0003
Maletz, J. 2019. Second Revision, Chapter 22: Suborder Axonophora, Infraorder Diplograptina I (Diplograptidae, Lasiograptidae): Introduction, morphology, and systematic descriptions. Treatise Online 127, pp. 1-19. The University of Kansas. DOI:10.17161/to.v0i0.13265
Kozłowska, A. 2016. A new generic name, Semigothograptus, for Gothograptus? meganassa Rickards & Palmer, 2002, from the Silurian post-lundgreni Biozone recovery phase, and comparative morphology of retiolitids from the lowermost upper Homerian (upper Wenlock). Zootaxa 4208, 6, 534-546. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4208.6.2
Männik, P., Tinn, O., Loydell, D. K., Ainsaar, L. 2016. Age of the Kalana Lagerstätte, early Silurian, Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 65, 2, 105-114. DOI:10.3176/earth.2016.10
Goldman, D., Nõlvak, J., Maletz, J. 2015. Middle to Late Ordovician graptolite and chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the Kandava-25 drill core in western Latvia. GFF 137, 3, 197-211. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2015.1021375
Männik, P., Loydell, D. K., Nestor, V., Nõlvak, J. 2015. Integrated Upper Ordovician–lower Silurian biostratigraphy of the Grötlingbo-1 core section, Sweden. GFF 137, 3, 226-244. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2015.1042032
Maletz, J., Steiner, M. 2015. Graptolites (Hemichordata, Pterobranchia) preservation and identification in the Cambrian Series 3. Palaeontology 58, 6, 1073–1107. DOI:10.1111/pala.12200
Maletz, J., Ahlberg, P., Suyarkova, A., Loydell, D. K. 2014. Silurian graptolite biostratigraphy of the Röstånga-1 drill core, Scania – a standard for southern Scandinavia. GFF 136, 1, 175-178. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2013.865665
Bergström, S. M., Eriksson, M. E., Young, S. A., Ahlberg, P., Schmitz, B. 2014. Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) d13C chemostratigraphy in southern Sweden and globally: a refined integration with the graptolite and conodont zone successions. GFF 136, 2, 355-386. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2013.851734
Kozłowska, A., Radzevičius, S. 2013. Upper Homerian and Gorstian (Silurian) Retiolitidae (Graptolithina) from Lithuania and Latvia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 44, 11-23.
Radzevičius, S. 2013. Silurian graptolite biozones of Lithuania: present and perspectives. Geologija 55, 2(82), 41-49. DOI:10.6001/geologija.v55i2.2757
Kozłowska, A., Bates, D. E. B. 2013. Kirkigraptus, a new retiolitid graptolite from Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53, 1, 105–112. DOI:10.4202/app.2008.0107
Loydell, D. K. 2012. Graptolite biozone correlation charts. Geological Magazine 149, 1, 124–132. DOI:10.1017/S0016756811000513
Paškevičius, J., Klimantavičius, V., Radzevičius, S. 2012. Lithostratigraphy, graptolites and brachiopods communities of the Ludlow (Silurian) of the Eastern slope of the Baltic Syneclise. Geologija 54, 3, 75-88. DOI:10.6001/geologija.v54i3.2515
Urbanek, A., Radzewičius, S., Kozłowska, A., Teller, L. 2012. Phyletic evolution and iterative speciation in the persistent Pristiograptus dubius lineage. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57, 3, 589-611. DOI:10.4202/app.2010.0070
Maletz, J., Ahlberg, 2011. Darriwilian (Ordovician) graptolite faunas and provincialism in the Tøyen shale of the Krapperup drill core (Scania, Southern Sweden). Ordovician of the World, pp. 327-332. © Instituto Geológico y Minero de España.
Maletz, J. 2011. The identity of the Ordovician (Darriwillian) graptolite Fucoides dentatus Brogniart, 1828. Palaeontology 54, 4, 851-865. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01068.x
Maletz, J. 2011. The proximal development of the Middle Ordovician graptolite Skanegraptus janus from the Krappegrup drill core of Scania, Sweden. GFF 133, 1-2, 49-56. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2011.564293
Maletz, J., Egenhoff, S., Böhme, M., Asch, R., Borowski, K., Höntzsch, S., Kirsch, M., Werner, M. 2011. A tale of both sides of Iapetus – upper Darriwilian (Ordovician) graptolite faunal dynamics on the edges of two continents. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, 5, 841-859. DOI:10.1139/e10-105
Loydell, D. K., Nestor, V., Männik, P. 2010. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Kolka-54 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine 147, 2, 253-280. DOI:10.1017/S0016756809990574
Kozłowska, A., Lenz, A., Melchin, M. 2009. Evolution of the RetiolitidNeogothograptus(Graptolithina) and Its New Species from the Upper Wenlock of Poland, Baltica. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54, 3, 423-434. DOI:10.4202/app.2008.0022
Suyarkova, A. A., Koren', T. N. 2009. Advances in the Ordovician graptolite biostratigraphy of the St Petersburg area, Russia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, 1, 3-9. DOI:10.313176/earth.2009.1.01
Mitchell, C. E., Maletz, J., Goldman, D. 2009. What is Diplograptus?. Bulletin of Geosciences 84, 1, 27-34. DOI:10.3140/bull.geosci.1109
Loydell, D. K., Maletz, J. 2009. Isolated graptolites from the Lituigraptus convolutus biozone (Silurian, Llandovery) of Dalarna, Sweden. Palaeontology 52, 2, 273-296. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00843.x
Nõlvak, J., Goldman, D. 2007. Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of three-dimensionally preserved nemagraptids from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Baltoscandia. Journal of Paleontology 2007, 2, 254-260. DOI:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[254:BATOTP]2.0.CO;2
Loydell, D. K., Jeppsson, L. 2006. Graptolites from the Lower and Upper Visby formations of NW Gotland. GFF 128, 2, 159-160. DOI:10.1080/11035890601282159
Bates, D. E. B., Kozłowska, A., Maletz, J., Kirk, N. H., Lenz, A. 2006. The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51, 3, 525-540.
Radzevičius, S. 2006. Late Wenlock biostratigraphy and the Pristiograptus virbalensis group (Graptolithina) in Lithuania and the Holy Cross Mountains. Geological Quarterly 50, 3, 333-344.
Loydell, D. K., Nestor, V. 2006. Isolated graptolites from the Telychian (Upper Llandovery, Silurian) of Latvia and Estonia. Palaeontology 49, 3, 585-619. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00550.x
Loydell, D. K., Nestor, V. 2005. Integrated graptolite and chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the upper Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) of the Ventspils D-3 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine 142, 4, 369-376. DOI:10.1017/S0016756805000531
Nõlvak, J., Goldman, D. 2004. Distribution of Nemagraptus in the East Baltic Ordovician. WOGOGOB-2004. Conference Materials. Abstracts and Field Guide Book, pp. 75-76. Tartu University Press.
Loydell, D. K., Maletz, J. 2004. The Silurian graptolite genera Streptograptus and Pseudostreptograptus. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2, 2, 65-93. DOI:10.1017/S1477201904001117
Loydell, D. K., Männik, P., Nestor, V. 2003. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Aizpute-41 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine 140, 2, 205-229. DOI:10.1017/S0016756802007264
Põldvere, Anne (ed) 2003. Ruhnu (500) drill core. Estonian Geological Sections Bulletin 5, 1-76. Geological Survey of Estonia.
Pålsson, C. 2002. Upper Ordovician graptolites and biostratigraphy of the Röstånga 1 core, Scania, S. Sweden. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 49, 1, 9-23. DOI:10.37570/bgsd-2003-49-02
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2002. Agastograptus, a synonym of Plectograptus (Retiolitidae, Graptolithina). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47, 3, 459-467.
Pålsson, C. 2001. Graptolites from the Upper Ordovician Dicranograptus clingani Zone at Järrestad, Scania, southern Sweden. GFF 123, 4, 217-224. DOI:10.1080/11035890101234217
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships within the Retiolitidae (Graptolithina) and a new genus, Cometograptus. Lethaia 34, 1, 84 - 96. DOI:10.1080/002411601300068314
Radzevičius, S., Paškevičius, J. 2000. Pristiograptids (Graptoloidea) and their adaptive types of the Wenlock (Silurian) in Lithuania. Geologija 32, 88-109.
Loydell, D. K., Kaljo, D., Männik, P. 1998. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Ohesaare core, Saaremaa, Estonia. Geological Magazine 135, 6, 769-783. DOI:10.1017/S0016756898001423
Urbanek, A. 1997. Late Ludfordian and early Přidoli monograptids from the Polish Lowland. Palaeontologia Polonica 56, 87-231.
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 1997. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland and its membrane structures. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 42, 3, 505-518.
Raukas, A., Teedumäe, A. (eds) 1997. Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia. pp. 1-436. Estonian Academy Publishers.
Maletz, J. 1997. Graptolites from the Nicholsonograptus fasciculatus and Pterograptus elegans Zones (Abereiddian, Ordovician) of the Oslo Region, Norway. Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beiträge 4, 5-98.
Koren', T., Bjerreskov, M. 1997. Early Llandovery monograptids from Bornholm and the southern Urals: taxonomy and evolution. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 44, 1, 1-43. DOI:10.37570/bgsd-1998-44-01
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 1995. Silurian retiolitids of the East European Platform. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 40, 3, 261-326.
Mitchell, C. E., Maletz, J. 1995. Proposal for adoption of the base of the Undulograptus austrodentatus Biozone as a global Ordovician stage and series boundary level. Lethaia 28, 4, 317-331. DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01822.x
Maletz, J. 1995. The Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn) graptolite succession of the Albjära core (Scania, Sweden) and its implication for a revised biozonation. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften 23, 3, 249-259.
Jaanusson, V. 1995. Confacies differentiation and upper Middle Ordovician correlation in the Baltoscandian basin. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 44, 2, 73-86. DOI:10.3176/geol.1995.2.01
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 1991. Agastograptus from the Mulde beds of Gotland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 36, 2, 143-149.
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 1990. The genus Gothograptus (Graptolithina) from the Wenlock of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 35, 3-4, 191-209.
Bassett, M. G., Kaljo, D., Teller, L. 1989. The Baltic region. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series 9, 158-170. National Museum of Wales.
Obut, A. M., Sennikov, N. V. 1987. Oepikograptus, a pecuilar genus of Middle Ordovician diplograptids (graptolites). Annual of the All-union Paleontological Society. Volume XXX, pp. 192-198. Nauka.
Ulst, R. 1986. Osobennosti stroeniâ proksimpli u nekotoryh llandoverijskih graptolitov Latvii. Biofacies and fauna of the Silurian and Devonian basins of the Baltic, pp. 22-24. Zinatne.
Williams, S. H., Bruton, D. L. 1984. The Caradoc- Ashgill boundary in the central Oslo region and associated graptolite faunas ( Norway). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 63, 2, 147-191.
Ulst, R. Ž., Gailite, L. K., Springis, T. K. 1984. Lithostratigraphic subdivision of the subsurface Ordovician rocks of the Jelgeva Depression. Stratigrafiâ drevnepaleozojskih otloženij Pribaltiki, pp. 63-76. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia.
Kaljo, D., Paškevičius, J., Ulst, R. 1984. Graptolite zones of the East Baltic Silurian. Stratigrafiâ drevnepaleozojskih otloženij Pribaltiki, pp. 94-118. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia.
Ulst, R., Gailite, L., Yakovleva, V. 1982. Ordovik Latvii. pp. 1-294. Zinatne.
Howe, M. P. A. 1982. The Lower Silurian graptolites of the Oslo region. Field Meeting, Oslo Region, 1982, pp. 21-32.
Paškevičius, J. 1979. Biostratigraphy and Graptolites of the Lithuanian Silurian. pp. 1-267. Mokslas.
Urbanek, A. 1979. Sabellidites. Upper Precambrian and Cambrian Paleontology of East-European Platform, pp. 87-92. Nauka.
Männil, Ralf 1976. Distribution of graptoloids in the Ordovician carbonate rocks of the East Baltic area. Graptolites and Stratigraphy, pp. 105-118. Academy of Sciences of Estonian SSR. Institut of Geology.
Tzaj, D. T. 1976. Graptolity srednego ordovika Kazahstana. pp. 1-76. Nauka.
Paškevičius, J. 1976. On some new Llandoverian diplograptids of the Eastern Baltic. Graptolites and Stratigraphy, pp. 140-151. Academy of Sciences of Estonian SSR. Institut of Geology.
Tsegelnjuk, P. D. 1976. Late Silurian and Early Devonian monograptids from the south-western margin of the East-European platform. Upper Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic paleontology and stratigraphy of the south-western part of the East European Platform, pp. 91-133. Naukova Dumka.
Ulst, R. 1975. Graptolites from Upper Ordovician Fjäcka Member of Middle Baltic. The Fauna and Stratigraphy of Paleozoic and Mesozoic of Baltic and Byelorussia, pp. 69-84. Mintis.
Ulst, R. Ž. 1974. The early sequence of Pristiograpts in conterminous deposits of Wenlock and Ludlow of the Middle Pribaltic. Graptolites of the USSR, pp. 105-122. Nauka.
Paškevičius, J. 1974. Graptolites and zonal dismemberment of Ludlow deposits in Pribaltic. Graptolites of the USSR, pp. 122-134. Nauka.
Paškevičius, J. 1973. Biostratigraphy, correlation and graptolites of the Ordovician and Silurian deposites of the South East Baltic. kand töö autoreferaat, pp. 1-63.
Kaljo, D. (ed) 1970. The Silurian of Estonia. pp. 1-343. Valgus.
Rõõmusoks, A. 1970. Stratigraphy of the Viruan Series (Middle Ordovician) in Northern Estonia, I. pp. 1-346. Valgus.
Urbanek, A. 1970. Neocucullograptinae n. subfam. (Graptolithina)- their evolutionary and stratigraphic bearing. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 15, 2-3, 164-388.
Kaljo, D., Vingisaar, P. 1969. On the sequence of the Raikküla stage in southernmost Estonia. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Keemia, Geoloogia / Известия Академии наук Эстонской ССР. Химия. Геология 18, 3, 270-277. DOI:10.3176/chem.geol.1969.3.10
Krandijevsky, V. S. 1968. Граптолиты силура Волыно-Подолии. Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Lower Paleozoic of Volyn-Podola, pp. 26-62. Naukova Dumka.
Gailite, L. K., Rybnikova, M. V., Ulst, R. Ž. 1967. Stratigrafiâ, fauna i usloviâ obrazovaniâ silurijskih porod Srednej Pribaltiki. pp. 1-304. Zinatne.
Urbanek, A. 1966. On the morphology and evolution of the Cucullograptinae (Monograptidae, Graptolithina). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 11, 3-4, 292-544.
Obut, A. M., Sobolevskaya, R. F. 1966. Graptolity rannego silura v Kazahstane. pp. 1-55. Nauka.
Skevington, D. 1965. Graptolites from the Ontikan Limestones (Ordovician) of Öland, Sweden. II. Graptoloidea and Graptovermida. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala 43, 1-74.
Jaanusson, V., Skoglund, R. 1963. Graptoloids from the Viruan (Ordovician) Dalby and Skagen Limestones of Västergötland. GFF 85, 3, 341-357. DOI:10.1080/11035896309452966
Bulman, O. M. B. 1963. On Glyptograptus dentatus (Brongniart) and some allied species. Palaeontology 6, 4, 665-689.
Obut, A. M. 1960. Correlation of some parts of Estonian Ordovician and Silurian deposits according to graptolites. ENSV TA Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused V, 143-157.
Jaanusson, V. 1960. Graptoloids from the Ontikan and Viruan (Ordov.) limestones of Estonia and Sweden. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala 38, 289-366.
Strachan, I. 1959. Graptolites from the Ludibundus Beds (Middle Ordovician) of Tvären, Sweden. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala 38, 47-68.
Obut, A. M. 1957. Kassifikaciâ i ukazatel' rodov graptolitov. Ežegodnik Vsesoûznogo Paleontologičeskogo Obŝestva XVI, 11-47. Gosudarstvennoe Nauchno-tehnicheskoe Izdatel'stvao Literatury po Geologi i Ohrane Hedr.
Thorslund, P. 1948. On the Silurian beds above the Pentamerus limestone in Jemtland. Description of fossils. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning 42, 3, 1-37.
Thomson, P. W. 1938. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der fossilen Flora des Mitteldevons in Estland. Tartu Ülikooli juures oleva Loodusuurijate Seltsi Aruanded 45, 1-4, 195-216.
Öpik, A. 1927. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Kukruse-(C2-) Stufe in Eesti. II. Tartu Ülikooli Geoloogia Instituudi Toimetused 10, 1-35.
Schmidt, Fr. 1858. Untersuchungen über die Silurische Formation von Ehstland, Nord-Livland und Oesel. Archiv für die Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst- und Kurlands 2, 1, 1-249. Heinrich Laakmann.
Eichwald, E. 1855. Beitrag zur geographischen Verbreitung der fossilen Thiere Russlands. Alte Periode. Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 28, 4, 433-466.
List of species
2. Amplexograptus baltoscandicus Jaanusson, 1995 | Kukruse Stage→Haljala Stage
3. Amplexograptus fallax Bulman, 1962 | Vilsandi Beds→Sandbian
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Classification
Organism groupBiota
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumHemichordata
ClassPterobranchia
SubclassGraptolithina
OrderGraptoloidea
SuborderAxonophora
InfraorderDiplograptina
Neograptina
SuperfamilyRetiolitoidea
FamilyClimacograptidae
Dicranograptidae
Lasiograptidae
Monograptidae
SubfamilyOrthograptinae
SuborderDichograptina
Glossograptina
Graptodendroidina
FamilyCryptograptidae
Cyrtograptidae
Dicaulograptidae
Glyptograptidae
Linograptidae
GenusCorymborgaptus