Subphylum

Eleutherozoa Bell, 1891

Selection of related publications

Thompson, J. R., Cotton, L. J., Candela, Y., Kutscher, M., Reich, M., Bottjer, D. J. 2022. The Ordovician diversification of sea urchins: systematics of the Bothriocidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19, 20, 1395-1448. DOI:10.1080/14772019.2022.2042408

Reich, M., Kutscher, M. 2014. A new ophiocistoid (Echinodermata) from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. GFF 136, 1, 1-5. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2013.861863

Tinn, O., Ainsaar, L. 2014. Asterozoan pedicellariae and ossicles revealed from the Middle Ordovician of Baltica.. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59, 2, 353-358. DOI:10.4202/app.2012.0034

Blake, D. B., Rozhnov, S. 2007. Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimen from Baltica. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52, 3, 519-533.

Bockelie, J. F., Paul, C. R. C. 2007. Cyathotheca suecica and its bearing on the evolution of the Edrioasteroidea. Lethaia 16, 4, 257-264. DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1983.tb02006.x

Hansen, T., Bruton, D. L., Jakobsen. L. 2005. Starfish from the Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 85, 3, 209-216.

Shackleton, J. D. 2005. Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest Asterozoan echinoderms. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3, 1, 29-114. DOI:10.1017/S1477201905001525

Schallreuter, R. 1989. Ordovizische Seeigel aus Geschieben. Geschiebekunde aktuell 5, 1, 3-16.

Rõõmusoks, A. 1981. Ordovician and Silurian Strophomenida of Estonia, III. Genus Thaerodonta Wang. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Geoloogia / Известия Академии наук Эстонской ССР. Геология 30, 2, 61-71. DOI:10.3176/geol.1981.2.04

Bockelie, J. F., Briskeby, P. I. 1980. The presence of a bothriocidarid (Echinoid) in the Ordovician of Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 60, 89-91.

Franzén, C. 1979. Echinoderms. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning 73, 3, 216-224.

Kier, P. M. 1973. A new Silurian echinoid genus from Scotland. Palaeontology 16, 4, 651 – 663.

Rõõmusoks, A. 1970. Stratigraphy of the Viruan Series (Middle Ordovician) in Northern Estonia, I. pp. 1-346. Valgus.

Reif, W.-E. 1968. Schwammreste aus dem oberen Ordovizium von Estland und Schweden. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 12, 733-744.

Männil, R. M. 1962. The taxonomy and morphology of Bothriocidaris (Echinoidea). ENSV TA Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused IX, 143-181.

Regnéll, G. 1956. Silurian Echinoids from Gotland. Arkiv för kemi, mineralogi och geologi 2, 155-178.

Regnéll, G. 1948. Echinoderms (hydrophoridae, ophiocistia) from the Ordovician (Upper Skiddavian) of the Oslo region. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 27, 14-58.

Regnéll, G. 1945. Non-Crinoid Pelmatozoa from the Paleozoic of Sweden. A taxonomic study. Meddelanden från Lunds Geologisk-Mineralogiska Institution 108, 1-255. Carl Bloms Boktryckeri.

Hecker, R. F. 1940. Nižnesilurijskie i devonskie iglokožie. Carpoidea, Eocrinoidea i Ophiocistia nižnego silura Leningradskoj oblasti i Èstonii. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute (PIN) 9, 4, 5-82.

Hecker, R. F. 1939. Pyrgocystis iz nižnego silura Leningradskoj oblasti. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya 241-246.

Mortensen, T. 1930. Bothriocidaris and the Ancestry of Echinoids. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn 90, 313-352.

Klem, M. J. 1904. A Revision of the Palaeozoic Palaeechinoidea, with a Synopsis of All Known Species. Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis 14, 1, 1-98.

Jaekel, O. 1899. Stammesgesihichte der Pelmatozoen. Erster Band. Thecoidea und Cystoidea. pp. 1-441. Verlag von Julius Springer.

Eichwald, E. 1860. Lethaea Rossica ou Paléontologie de la Russie. Premier volume. Ancienne Période en deux sections. pp. XIX+1–1657. E. Schweizerbart. DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.52391

List of species

1. Bothriocidaris eichwaldi Männil, 1962 | Pirgu Stage

2. Bothriocidaris exilis (Eichwald, 1854) | Silurian

3. Bothriocidaris globulus Eichwald, 1860 | Pirgu Stage

4. Bothriocidaris pahleni Schmidt, 1874 | Jõhvi Substage

5. Bothriocidaris parvus Männil, 1962 | Vormsi Stage

6. Cnemidactis osloensis Hansen, Bruton et Jakobsen, 2005 | Middle Ordovician

7. Cyathocystis plautinae Schmidt, 1879 | Uhaku Stage

8. Cyathocystis rhizopora Schmidt, 1880 | Keila Stage→Oandu Stage

9. Cyathotheca corallum Jaekel, 1918 | Kunda Stage

10. Cyathotheca suecica Jaekel, 1927 | Katian

11. Estoniaster maennili Blake et Rozhnov, 2007 | Keila Stage

12. Gotlandechinus balticus Regnéll, 1956 | Ludlow

13. Lanternarius latens Regnéll, 1956 | Wenlock

14. Linguaserra franzenae Reich et Kutscher, 2014 | Telychian

15. Mercedescaudina mostleri Schallreuter, 1975 | Porkuni Stage

16. Neobothriocidaris minor Paul, 1967

17. Neobothriocidaris peculiaris Paul, 1967 | Ordovician

18. Palasterina antiqua (Hisinger, 1837) | Ludlow

19. Pyrgocystis cylindrica Aurivillius, 1892 | Sheinwoodian

20. Pyrgocystis gracilis Hekker, 1939 | Volkhov Stage

Classification

Organism group	Biota
Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Echinodermata
Subphylum	Blastozoa
	Eleutherozoa
Class	Asteroidea
	Echinoidea
	Edrioasteroidea
	Holothuroidea
	Ophiocistoidea
	Ophiuroidea
Subphylum	Pelmatozoa
Class	Cyclocystoidea
	Homoiostelea
	Stylophora