Subphylum
Eleutherozoa Bell, 1891
Selection of related publications
Thompson, J. R., Cotton, L. J., Candela, Y., Kutscher, M., Reich, M., Bottjer, D. J. 2022. The Ordovician diversification of sea urchins: systematics of the Bothriocidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19, 20, 1395-1448. DOI:10.1080/14772019.2022.2042408
Reich, M., Kutscher, M. 2014. A new ophiocistoid (Echinodermata) from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. GFF 136, 1, 1-5. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2013.861863
Tinn, O., Ainsaar, L. 2014. Asterozoan pedicellariae and ossicles revealed from the Middle Ordovician of Baltica.. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59, 2, 353-358. DOI:10.4202/app.2012.0034
Blake, D. B., Rozhnov, S. 2007. Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimen from Baltica. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52, 3, 519-533.
Bockelie, J. F., Paul, C. R. C. 2007. Cyathotheca suecica and its bearing on the evolution of the Edrioasteroidea. Lethaia 16, 4, 257-264. DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1983.tb02006.x
Hansen, T., Bruton, D. L., Jakobsen. L. 2005. Starfish from the Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 85, 3, 209-216.
Shackleton, J. D. 2005. Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest Asterozoan echinoderms. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3, 1, 29-114. DOI:10.1017/S1477201905001525
Rõõmusoks, A. 1981. Ordovician and Silurian Strophomenida of Estonia, III. Genus Thaerodonta Wang. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Geoloogia / Известия Академии наук Эстонской ССР. Геология 30, 2, 61-71. DOI:10.3176/geol.1981.2.04
Bockelie, J. F., Briskeby, P. I. 1980. The presence of a bothriocidarid (Echinoid) in the Ordovician of Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 60, 89-91.
Rõõmusoks, A. 1970. Stratigraphy of the Viruan Series (Middle Ordovician) in Northern Estonia, I. pp. 1-346. Valgus.
Reif, W.-E. 1968. Schwammreste aus dem oberen Ordovizium von Estland und Schweden. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 12, 733-744.
Männil, R. M. 1962. The taxonomy and morphology of Bothriocidaris (Echinoidea). ENSV TA Geoloogia Instituudi uurimused IX, 143-181.
Regnéll, G. 1956. Silurian Echinoids from Gotland. Arkiv för kemi, mineralogi och geologi 2, 155-178.
Regnéll, G. 1948. Echinoderms (hydrophoridae, ophiocistia) from the Ordovician (Upper Skiddavian) of the Oslo region. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 27, 14-58.
Regnéll, G. 1945. Non-Crinoid Pelmatozoa from the Paleozoic of Sweden. A taxonomic study. Meddelanden från Lunds Geologisk-Mineralogiska Institution 108, 1-255. Carl Bloms Boktryckeri.
Hecker, R. F. 1940. Nižnesilurijskie i devonskie iglokožie. Carpoidea, Eocrinoidea i Ophiocistia nižnego silura Leningradskoj oblasti i Èstonii. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute (PIN) 9, 4, 5-82.
Hecker, R. F. 1939. Pyrgocystis iz nižnego silura Leningradskoj oblasti. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Biologicheskaya 241-246.
Mortensen, T. 1930. Bothriocidaris and the Ancestry of Echinoids. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn 90, 313-352.
Klem, M. J. 1904. A Revision of the Palaeozoic Palaeechinoidea, with a Synopsis of All Known Species. Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis 14, 1, 1-98.
Jaekel, O. 1899. Stammesgesihichte der Pelmatozoen. Erster Band. Thecoidea und Cystoidea. pp. 1-441. Verlag von Julius Springer.
Eichwald, E. 1860. Lethaea Rossica ou Paléontologie de la Russie. Premier volume. Ancienne Période en deux sections. pp. XIX+1–1657. E. Schweizerbart. DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.52391
List of species
1. Bothriocidaris eichwaldi Männil, 1962 | Pirgu Stage
2. Bothriocidaris exilis (Eichwald, 1854) | Silurian
3. Bothriocidaris globulus Eichwald, 1860 | Pirgu Stage
4. Bothriocidaris pahleni Schmidt, 1874 | Jõhvi Substage
5. Bothriocidaris parvus Männil, 1962 | Vormsi Stage
6. Cnemidactis osloensis Hansen, Bruton et Jakobsen, 2005 | Middle Ordovician
7. Cyathocystis plautinae Schmidt, 1879 | Uhaku Stage
9. Cyathotheca corallum Jaekel, 1918 | Kunda Stage
10. Cyathotheca suecica Jaekel, 1927 | Katian
11. Estoniaster maennili Blake et Rozhnov, 2007 | Keila Stage
12. Gotlandechinus balticus Regnéll, 1956 | Ludlow
13. Lanternarius latens Regnéll, 1956 | Wenlock
14. Linguaserra franzenae Reich et Kutscher, 2014 | Telychian
15. Mercedescaudina mostleri Schallreuter, 1975 | Porkuni Stage
17. Neobothriocidaris peculiaris Paul, 1967 | Ordovician
18. Palasterina antiqua (Hisinger, 1837) | Ludlow
19. Pyrgocystis cylindrica Aurivillius, 1892 | Sheinwoodian
20. Pyrgocystis gracilis Hekker, 1939 | Volkhov Stage
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Classification
| Organism group | Biota |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Echinodermata |
| Subphylum | Blastozoa |
| Eleutherozoa | |
| Class | Asteroidea |
| Echinoidea | |
| Edrioasteroidea | |
| Holothuroidea | |
| Ophiocistoidea | |
| Ophiuroidea | |
| Subphylum | Pelmatozoa |
| Class | Cyclocystoidea |
| Homoiostelea | |
| Stylophora |
See also