alamklass

Graptolithina Bronn, 1849

Graptoliidid

Taksoni iseloomustus

Graptoliidid on tänapäevaks väljasurnud koloniaalsed ürgkeelikloomad (Hemichordata). Nende fossiilid on enamasti tumedad orgaanilisest ainest pulga- või põõsalaadsed moodustised, suurusega mõnest millimeetrist kuni kümnete sentimeetriteni. Lähemal vaatlusel on koloonias eristatavad üksikindiviidide torukeselaadsed elukambrid e. teekad. Kõrvutiastsevate teekadega koloonia rootsud meenutavad saehambaid.

Graptoliitide hulgas oli nii planktilise kui bentilise eluviisiga vorme. Planktilistel graptoliitidel on oluline roll Ordoviitsiumi ja Siluri stratigraafias – suur hulk globaalse geoloogilise ajaskaala üksuseid on defineeritud tuginedes just graptoliitidele.

Graptoliitide fossiilid esinevad kõige sagedamini süvašelfi setendites, eriti kiltades. Eesti aluspõhja madalmere lubjakivides on graptoliidid vähearvukad. Kõige sagedamini võime neid kohata Põhja-Eesti klindil paljanduvas Alam-Ordoviitsiumi graptoliitargilliidis (e 'diktüoneemakildas').

Valik taksonit käsitlevast teaduskirjandusest
Maletz, J. 2023. The Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian to Floian) graptolite fauna of Hunneberg, Västergötland, Sweden. Fossils and Strata 69, 1-140. Scandinavian University Press. DOI:10.18261/9788215070872-2023-01
Skompski, S., Kozłowska, A., Kozłowski, W., Łuczyński, P. 2023. Coexistence of algae and a graptolite-like problematicum: a case study from the late Silurian of Podolia (Ukraine). Acta Geologica Polonica 73, 2, 115–133. DOI:10.24425/agp.2022.143599
Slater, B. J., Bohlin, M. S. 2022. Animal origins: The record from organic microfossils. Earth-Science Reviews 232, 104107. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104107
Maletz, J., Ahlberg, P. 2021. Dapingian to lower Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) graptolite biostratigraphy and correlation of the Krapperup drill core, Scania, Sweden. GFF 143, 1, 16-39. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2020.1822439
Maletz, J., Ahlberg, P., Lundberg, F. 2020. Ordovician graptolite biostratigraphy of the Röstånga-2 drill core (Scania, southern Sweden). GFF 142, 3, 206-222. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2020.1739743
Loydell, D. K., Walasek, N. 2020. Two new species of graptolite from the Telychian (upper Llandovery, Silurian) of Kallholn, Dalarna, Sweden. GFF 142, 2, 154-157. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2019.1686419
Kozłowska, A., Bates, D., Zalasiewicz, J., Radzevičius, S. 2019. Evolutionary significance of the retiolitine Gothograptus (Graptolithina) with four new species from the Silurian of the East European Platform (Baltica), Poland and Lithuania . Zootaxa 4568, 3, 435. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4568.3.2
Štorch, P., Manda, Š. 2019. Little known Homerian (lower Silurian) graptolites from Kosov quarry near Beroun, the Czech republic. Fossil Imprint 75, 1, 44-58. DOI:10.2478/if-2019-0003
Vinn, O., Ernst, A., Wilson, M. A., Toom, U. 2019. Symbiosis of conulariids with trepostome bryozoans in the Upper Ordovician of Estonia (Baltica). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 518, 89-96. DOI:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.018
Maletz, J. 2019. Second Revision, Chapter 22: Suborder Axonophora, Infraorder Diplograptina I (Diplograptidae, Lasiograptidae): Introduction, morphology, and systematic descriptions. Treatise Online 127, pp. 1-19. The University of Kansas. DOI:10.17161/to.v0i0.13265
Slater, B. J., Harvey, T. H. P., Butterfield, N. J. 2018. Small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) from the Terreneuvian (lower Cambrian) of Baltica. Palaeontology 61, 3, 417-439. DOI:10.1111/pala.12350
Kozłowska, A. 2016. A new generic name, Semigothograptus, for Gothograptus? meganassa Rickards & Palmer, 2002, from the Silurian post-lundgreni Biozone recovery phase, and comparative morphology of retiolitids from the lowermost upper Homerian (upper Wenlock). Zootaxa 4208, 6, 534-546. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.4208.6.2
Männik, P., Tinn, O., Loydell, D. K., Ainsaar, L. 2016. Age of the Kalana Lagerstätte, early Silurian, Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 65, 2, 105-114. DOI:10.3176/earth.2016.10
Maletz, J., Steiner, M. 2015. Graptolites (Hemichordata, Pterobranchia) preservation and identification in the Cambrian Series 3. Palaeontology 58, 6, 1073–1107. DOI:10.1111/pala.12200
Goldman, D., Nõlvak, J., Maletz, J. 2015. Middle to Late Ordovician graptolite and chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the Kandava-25 drill core in western Latvia. GFF 137, 3, 197-211. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2015.1021375
Männik, P., Loydell, D. K., Nestor, V., Nõlvak, J. 2015. Integrated Upper Ordovician–lower Silurian biostratigraphy of the Grötlingbo-1 core section, Sweden. GFF 137, 3, 226-244. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2015.1042032
Maletz, J., Ahlberg, P., Suyarkova, A., Loydell, D. K. 2014. Silurian graptolite biostratigraphy of the Röstånga-1 drill core, Scania – a standard for southern Scandinavia. GFF 136, 1, 175-178. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2013.865665
Bergström, S. M., Eriksson, M. E., Young, S. A., Ahlberg, P., Schmitz, B. 2014. Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) d13C chemostratigraphy in southern Sweden and globally: a refined integration with the graptolite and conodont zone successions. GFF 136, 2, 355-386. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2013.851734
Maletz, J., Slovacek, M. 2013. The tubarium construction of Lower Ordovician (Dapingian) Baltograptus species (Graptolithina) from Dalarna, Sweden. Palaeontology 56, 5, 107–1120. DOI:10.1111/pala.12038
Kozłowska, A., Radzevičius, S. 2013. Upper Homerian and Gorstian (Silurian) Retiolitidae (Graptolithina) from Lithuania and Latvia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 44, 11-23.
Radzevičius, S. 2013. Silurian graptolite biozones of Lithuania: present and perspectives. Geologija 55, 2(82), 41-49. DOI:10.6001/geologija.v55i2.2757
Kozłowska, A., Bates, D. E. B. 2013. Kirkigraptus, a new retiolitid graptolite from Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53, 1, 105–112. DOI:10.4202/app.2008.0107
Vento, B. A., Toro, B. A., Maletz, J. 2012. New insights into the paleobiogeography of the Early Ordovician graptolite fauna of northwestern Argentina. Comptes Rendus Palevol 11, 5, 345-355. DOI:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.02.002
Loydell, D. K. 2012. Graptolite biozone correlation charts. Geological Magazine 149, 1, 124–132. DOI:10.1017/S0016756811000513
Paškevičius, J., Klimantavičius, V., Radzevičius, S. 2012. Lithostratigraphy, graptolites and brachiopods communities of the Ludlow (Silurian) of the Eastern slope of the Baltic Syneclise. Geologija 54, 3, 75-88. DOI:10.6001/geologija.v54i3.2515
Urbanek, A., Radzewičius, S., Kozłowska, A., Teller, L. 2012. Phyletic evolution and iterative speciation in the persistent Pristiograptus dubius lineage. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57, 3, 589-611. DOI:10.4202/app.2010.0070
Maletz, J. 2011. Scandinavian Isograptids (Graptolithina, Isograptidae): Biostratigraphy and Taxonomy. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 58, 4, 267-280. DOI:10.1144/pygs.58.4.295
Maletz, J., Ahlberg, 2011. Darriwilian (Ordovician) graptolite faunas and provincialism in the Tøyen shale of the Krapperup drill core (Scania, Southern Sweden). Ordovician of the World, pp. 327-332. © Instituto Geológico y Minero de España.
Maletz, J. 2011. The identity of the Ordovician (Darriwillian) graptolite Fucoides dentatus Brogniart, 1828. Palaeontology 54, 4, 851-865. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01068.x
Maletz, J. 2011. The proximal development of the Middle Ordovician graptolite Skanegraptus janus from the Krappegrup drill core of Scania, Sweden. GFF 133, 1-2, 49-56. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2011.564293
Maletz, J., Egenhoff, S., Böhme, M., Asch, R., Borowski, K., Höntzsch, S., Kirsch, M., Werner, M. 2011. A tale of both sides of Iapetus – upper Darriwilian (Ordovician) graptolite faunal dynamics on the edges of two continents. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, 5, 841-859. DOI:10.1139/e10-105
Pärnaste, H., Popp, A. 2011. First record of Telephina (Trilobita) from the Ordovician of northeastern Estonia and its stratigraphical implications. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 60, 2, 83-90. DOI:10.3176/earth.2011.2.02
Maletz, J. 2010. Xiphograptus and the evolution of virgella-bearing graptoloids. Palaeontology 53, 2, 415-439. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00940.x
Maletz, J., Egenhoff, S., Alonso, R. 2010. The Upper Tremadocian (Ordovician) graptolite Bryograptus: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and biogeography. Palaeontology 53, 1, 59-75. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00920.x
Loydell, D. K., Nestor, V., Männik, P. 2010. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Kolka-54 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine 147, 2, 253-280. DOI:10.1017/S0016756809990574
Suyarkova, A. A., Koren', T. N. 2009. Advances in the Ordovician graptolite biostratigraphy of the St Petersburg area, Russia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, 1, 3-9. DOI:10.313176/earth.2009.1.01
Kozłowska, A., Lenz, A., Melchin, M. 2009. Evolution of the RetiolitidNeogothograptus(Graptolithina) and Its New Species from the Upper Wenlock of Poland, Baltica. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54, 3, 423-434. DOI:10.4202/app.2008.0022
Mitchell, C. E., Maletz, J., Goldman, D. 2009. What is Diplograptus?. Bulletin of Geosciences 84, 1, 27-34. DOI:10.3140/bull.geosci.1109
Loydell, D. K., Maletz, J. 2009. Isolated graptolites from the Lituigraptus convolutus biozone (Silurian, Llandovery) of Dalarna, Sweden. Palaeontology 52, 2, 273-296. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00843.x
Egenhoff, S., Maletz, J. 2007. Graptolites as indicators of maximum flooding surfaces in monotonous deep-water self successions. Palaios 22, 4, 373-383. DOI:10.2110/palo.2005.p05-096r
Nõlvak, J., Goldman, D. 2007. Biostratigraphy and taxonomy of three-dimensionally preserved nemagraptids from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Baltoscandia. Journal of Paleontology 2007, 2, 254-260. DOI:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[254:BATOTP]2.0.CO;2
Loydell, D. K., Jeppsson, L. 2006. Graptolites from the Lower and Upper Visby formations of NW Gotland. GFF 128, 2, 159-160. DOI:10.1080/11035890601282159
Bates, D. E. B., Kozłowska, A., Maletz, J., Kirk, N. H., Lenz, A. 2006. The Silurian retiolitid graptolite Plectograptus: New observations and new species. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51, 3, 525-540.
Radzevičius, S. 2006. Late Wenlock biostratigraphy and the Pristiograptus virbalensis group (Graptolithina) in Lithuania and the Holy Cross Mountains. Geological Quarterly 50, 3, 333-344.
Loydell, D. K., Nestor, V. 2006. Isolated graptolites from the Telychian (Upper Llandovery, Silurian) of Latvia and Estonia. Palaeontology 49, 3, 585-619. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00550.x
Maletz, J. 2005. Early Middle Ordovician graptolite biostratigraphy of the Lovisefred and Albjära drill cores (Scania, southern Sweden). Palaeontology 48, 4, 763-780. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00482.x
Loydell, D. K., Nestor, V. 2005. Integrated graptolite and chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the upper Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) of the Ventspils D-3 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine 142, 4, 369-376. DOI:10.1017/S0016756805000531
Maletz, J., Egenhoff, S. O. 2005. Dendroid graptolites in the Elnes Formation (Middle Ordovician), Oslo Region, Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 85, 3, 217-221.
Bergström, S. M., Löfgren, A., Maletz, J. 2004. The GSSP of the Second (Upper) Stage of the Lower Ordovician Series: Diabasbrottet at Hunneberg, Province of Västergötland, Southwestern Sweden. Episodes 27, 4, 265-272.
Nõlvak, J., Goldman, D. 2004. Distribution of Nemagraptus in the East Baltic Ordovician. WOGOGOB-2004. Conference Materials. Abstracts and Field Guide Book, pp. 75-76. Tartu University Press.
Loydell, D. K., Maletz, J. 2004. The Silurian graptolite genera Streptograptus and Pseudostreptograptus. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2, 2, 65-93. DOI:10.1017/S1477201904001117
Loydell, D. K., Männik, P., Nestor, V. 2003. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Aizpute-41 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine 140, 2, 205-229. DOI:10.1017/S0016756802007264
Heinsalu, H., Kaljo, D., Kurvits, T., Viira, V. 2003. The stratotype of the Orasoja Member (Tremadocian, Northeast Estonia): lithology, mineralogy, and biostratigraphy. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 52, 3, 135-154. DOI:10.3176/geol.2003.3.02
Põldvere, Anne (ed) 2003. Ruhnu (500) drill core. Estonian Geological Sections Bulletin 5, 1-76. Geological Survey of Estonia.
Pålsson, C. 2002. Upper Ordovician graptolites and biostratigraphy of the Röstånga 1 core, Scania, S. Sweden. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 49, 1, 9-23. DOI:10.37570/bgsd-2003-49-02
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2002. Agastograptus, a synonym of Plectograptus (Retiolitidae, Graptolithina). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47, 3, 459-467.
Mierzejewski, P. 2001. A new graptolite, intermediate between the Tuboidea and the Camaroidea. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46, 3, 367-376.
Tolmacheva, T. J., Koren', T. N., Holmer, L. E., Popov, L. E., Raevskaya, E. 2001. The Hunneberg Stage (Ordovician) in the area east of St. Petersburg, north-western Russia. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 74, 4, 543-561. DOI:10.1007/BF02988161
Tolmacheva, T., Egerquist, E., Meidla, T., Holmer, L. 2001. Spatial variations in faunal composition, Middle Ordovician, Volkhov Stage, East Baltic. GFF 123, 2, 65-72. DOI:10.1080/11035890101232065
Pålsson, C. 2001. Graptolites from the Upper Ordovician Dicranograptus clingani Zone at Järrestad, Scania, southern Sweden. GFF 123, 4, 217-224. DOI:10.1080/11035890101234217
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships within the Retiolitidae (Graptolithina) and a new genus, Cometograptus. Lethaia 34, 1, 84 - 96. DOI:10.1080/002411601300068314
Mierzejewski, P. 2000. An aberrant encrusting graptolite from the Ordovician of Estonia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45, 3, 239-250.
Radzevičius, S., Paškevičius, J. 2000. Pristiograptids (Graptoloidea) and their adaptive types of the Wenlock (Silurian) in Lithuania. Geologija 32, 88-109.
Cooper R. A., Maletz, J., Haifeng, W., Erdtmann, B.-D. 1998. Taxonomy and evolution of earliest Ordovician graptoloids. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 78, 1, 3-32.
Loydell, D. K., Kaljo, D., Männik, P. 1998. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Ohesaare core, Saaremaa, Estonia. Geological Magazine 135, 6, 769-783. DOI:10.1017/S0016756898001423
Maletz, J. 1997. Graptolites from the Nicholsonograptus fasciculatus and Pterograptus elegans Zones (Abereiddian, Ordovician) of the Oslo Region, Norway. Greifswalder Geowissenschaftliche Beiträge 4, 5-98.
Raukas, A., Teedumäe, A. (eds) 1997. Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia. pp. 1-436. Estonian Academy Publishers.
Urbanek, A. 1997. Late Ludfordian and early Přidoli monograptids from the Polish Lowland. Palaeontologia Polonica 56, 87-231.
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 1997. Retiolitid graptolite Spinograptus from Poland and its membrane structures. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 42, 3, 505-518.
Koren', T., Bjerreskov, M. 1997. Early Llandovery monograptids from Bornholm and the southern Urals: taxonomy and evolution. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 44, 1, 1-43. DOI:10.37570/bgsd-1998-44-01
Maletz, J. 1996. The identity of Didymograptus (Expansograptus) suecicus (Tullberg) and related species (Graptoloidea, Dichograptidae). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 70, 1/2, 203-212. DOI:10.1007/BF02988278
Maletz, J. 1995. The Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn) graptolite succession of the Albjära core (Scania, Sweden) and its implication for a revised biozonation. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften 23, 3, 249-259.
Mitchell, C. E., Maletz, J. 1995. Proposal for adoption of the base of the Undulograptus austrodentatus Biozone as a global Ordovician stage and series boundary level. Lethaia 28, 4, 317-331. DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01822.x
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 1995. Silurian retiolitids of the East European Platform. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 40, 3, 261-326.
Jaanusson, V. 1995. Confacies differentiation and upper Middle Ordovician correlation in the Baltoscandian basin. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 44, 2, 73-86. DOI:10.3176/geol.1995.2.01
Beckly, A. J., Maletz, J. 1991. The Ordovician graptolites Azygograptus and Jishougraptus in Scandinavia and Britain. Palaeontology 34, 4, 887-925.
Lindholm, K. 1991. Ordovician graptolites from the Early Hunneberg of southern Scandinavia. Palaeontology 34, 2, 283-327.
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 1991. Agastograptus from the Mulde beds of Gotland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 36, 2, 143-149.
Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 1990. The genus Gothograptus (Graptolithina) from the Wenlock of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 35, 3-4, 191-209.
Bassett, M. G., Kaljo, D., Teller, L. 1989. The Baltic region. National Museum of Wales, Geological Series 9, 158-170. National Museum of Wales.
Kaljo, D., Heinsalu, H., Mens, K., Puura, I., Viira, V. 1988. Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary beds at Tõnismägi, Tallinn, North Estonia. Geological Magazine 125, 4, 457-463. DOI:10.1017/S001675680001308X
Erdtmann, B.-D., Maletz, J., Gutierrez Marco, J. C. 1987. The new Early Ordovician (Hunneberg Stage) graptolite genus Paradelograptus (Kinnegraptidae), its phylogeny and biostratigraphy. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 61, 1/2, 109-131. DOI:10.1007/BF02985945
Maletz, J., Erdtmann, B.-D. 1987. Adelograptus tenellus (Linnarsson 1871): its astogenetic development and its stratigraphical and palaeogeographical distribution. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 35, 3-4, 179-190. DOI:10.37570/bgsd-1986-35-19
Obut, A. M., Sennikov, N. V. 1987. Oepikograptus, a pecuilar genus of Middle Ordovician diplograptids (graptolites). Annual of the All-union Paleontological Society. Volume XXX, pp. 192-198. Nauka.
Mierzejewski, P. 1986. Ultrastructure, taxonomy and affinities of some Ordovician and Silurian organic microfossils. Palaeontologia Polonica 47, 129-220.
Kaljo, D., Borovko, N., Heinsalu, H., Khazanovich, K., Mens, K., Popov, L., Sergejeva, S., Sobolevskaya, R., Viira, V. 1986. The Cambrian-Ordovician boundary in the Baltic-Ladoga clint area (North Estonia and Leningrad Region, USSR). Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Geoloogia / Известия Академии наук Эстонской ССР. Геология 35, 3, 97-108. DOI:10.3176/geol.1986.3.01
Ulst, R. 1986. Osobennosti stroeniâ proksimpli u nekotoryh llandoverijskih graptolitov Latvii. Biofacies and fauna of the Silurian and Devonian basins of the Baltic, pp. 22-24. Zinatne.
Mierzejewski, P. 1985. New aberrant sessile graptolites from glacial boulders. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 30, 3-4, 191-199.
Finney, S. C. 1985. Paired pleural disks in Dicaulograptus cumdiscus n. sp.. Lethaia 18, 4, 361-368. DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1985.tb00717.x
Williams, S. H., Bruton, D. L. 1984. The Caradoc- Ashgill boundary in the central Oslo region and associated graptolite faunas ( Norway). Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 63, 2, 147-191.
Ulst, R. Ž., Gailite, L. K., Springis, T. K. 1984. Lithostratigraphic subdivision of the subsurface Ordovician rocks of the Jelgeva Depression. Stratigrafiâ drevnepaleozojskih otloženij Pribaltiki, pp. 63-76. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia.
Kaljo, D., Paškevičius, J., Ulst, R. 1984. Graptolite zones of the East Baltic Silurian. Stratigrafiâ drevnepaleozojskih otloženij Pribaltiki, pp. 94-118. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia.
Ulst, R., Gailite, L., Yakovleva, V. 1982. Ordovik Latvii. pp. 1-294. Zinatne.
Howe, M. P. A. 1982. The Lower Silurian graptolites of the Oslo region. Field Meeting, Oslo Region, 1982, pp. 21-32.
Obut, A. M., Sennikov, N. V. 1981. Polygonograptidae familia nova (sistematika, stratigrafičkskoe i geografičeskoe rasprostranenie). Transactions of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics 482, 75-81. Nauka.
Paškevičius, J. 1979. Biostratigraphy and Graptolites of the Lithuanian Silurian. pp. 1-267. Mokslas.
Urbanek, A. 1979. Sabellidites. Upper Precambrian and Cambrian Paleontology of East-European Platform, pp. 87-92. Nauka.
Mierzejewski, P. 1978. Tuboid graptolites from erratic boulders of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 23, 4, 557-574.
Eisenack, A. 1976. Mikrofossilien aus dem Vaginatenkalk von Hälludden, Öland. Palaeontographica Abt A, 154, 181-203.
Kaljo, D. L., Kivimägi, E. K. 1976. Zonal stratigraphy of the Estonian Tremadocian. Graptolites and Stratigraphy, pp. 53-63. Academy of Sciences of Estonian SSR. Institut of Geology.
Leitud liigid
8. Acrograptus gracilis (Törnquist, 1899) | Alam-Ordoviitsium→Kesk-Ordoviitsium
15. Amplexograptus baltoscandicus Jaanusson, 1995 | Kukruse lade→Haljala lade
16. Amplexograptus fallax Bulman, 1962 | Vilsandi kihid→Sandby lade
Loading...
Klassifikatsioon
organismirühmBiota
riikAnimalia
hõimkondHemichordata
klassPterobranchia
alamklassCephalodiscida
Graptolithina
ülemseltsGraptovermida
seltsCamaroidea
Crustoidea
Dendroidea
Dithecoidea
Graptoloidea
Inocaulida
Mastigograptida
Rhabdopleuridae
alamseltsSinograptina
sugukondCyclograptidae
Cysticamaridae
Dithecodendridae
Thamnograptidae
Tubidendridae
Wimanicrustidae
perekondCalyxhydra
Diplohydra
Flexihydra
Lagenohydra
Neolagarograptus
Palaeokylix
Phragmohydra
Podoliagraptus
See also