klass

Conodonta Eichenberg, 1930

Konodondid

Taksoni iseloomustus

Konodondid on kaltsiumfosfaadist (apatiidist) koosnevad mikroskoopilised hambad (enamasti alla 1 mm), mis kuulusid nn konodondiloomale — primitiivsele silmulaadsele selgroogsele. Konodondilooma fossiilid on üliharuldased, tänaseks on teada maailmast vaid üksikud leiud. Konodondid on üheks olulisemaks indeksfossiilide rühmaks Ordoviitsiumist kuni Triiaseni.

Konodondid - lühidalt

  • Nimi: konodondid; lad k Conodonta v Conodontophora; ingl k conodonts
  • Süstemaatiline kuuluvus: konodondiloomad loetakse omaette klassina varajaste selgroogsete (Chordata, Vertebrata) hulka, konodondid on konodonilooma lõuaaparaadi elemendid (“hambad”)
  • Kuju: erineva kujuga üksikud hambad ja hammastega plaadikesed
  • Koostis: apatiit (kaltsiumfosfaat), valkjad või kollakad poolläbipaistvad
  • Suurus: mikrofossiilid, enamasti 250-2000 μm
  • Kogumine ja uurimine: lahustusmeetod (äädikhape, sipelghape), stereomikroskoopia, SEM
  • Stratigraafiline levik: Kambrium-Triias
  • Eluviis: normaalmereline, nekton
  • Tähtsus: biostratigraafia, Ordoviitsiumist-Triiaseni üks olulisematest indeksfossiilide rühmadest
  • Eestis: laialt levinud Ordoviitsiumi-Siluri kivimites, hea säilivus, suhteliselt hästi uuritud

 

Valik taksonit käsitlevast teaduskirjandusest
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Männik, P., Nõlvak, J. 2023. Boundary between the Porkuni and Juuru regional stages in the Neitla section, Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 72, 1, 66-69. DOI:10.3176/earth.2023.52
Paiste, T., Männik, P., Meidla, T. 2022. Sandbian (Late Ordovician) conodonts in Estonia: distribution and biostratigraphy. GFF 1-15. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2021.2020333
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Paiste, T., Männik, P., Nõlvak, J., Meidla, T. 2020. The lower boundary of the Haljala Regional Stage (Sandbian, Upper Ordovician) in Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 69, 2, 76-90. DOI:10.3176/earth.2020.05
Kleppe, K. S., Nakerm, H. A., Stouge, S. 2018. Cambrian (Series 3 – Furongian) conodonts from the Alum Shale Formation at Slemmestad, Oslo Region, Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 98, 1, 41-53. Geological Society of Norway. DOI:10.17850/njg98-1-04
Wu, R.-C., Calner, M., Lehnert, O., Lindskog, A., Joachimski, M. 2018. Conodont biostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) Komstad Limestone, southern Sweden. GFF 140, 1, 44-54. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2018.1435561
Walasek, N., Loydell, D. K., Frýda, J., Männik, P., Loveridge, R. F. 2018. Integrated graptolite-conodont biostratigraphy and organic carbon chemostratigraphy of the Llandovery of Kallholn quarry, Dalarna, Sweden. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 508, 1-16. Elsevier BV. DOI:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.08.003
Männik, P. 2017. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Oandu Stage (Katian, Upper Ordovician) in NE Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 66, 1, 1-12. DOI:10.3176/earth.2017.02
Jarochowska, E., Viira, V., Einasto, R., Nawrot, R., Bremer, O., Männik, P., Munnecke, A. 2017. Conodonts in Silurian hypersaline environments: Specialized and unexpectedly diverse. Geology 45, 1, 3-6. DOI:10.1130/G38492.1
Männik, P., Tinn, O., Loydell, D. K., Ainsaar, L. 2016. Age of the Kalana Lagerstätte, early Silurian, Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 65, 2, 105-114. DOI:10.3176/earth.2016.10
Jarochowska, E., Munnecke, A., Frisch, K., Ray, D. C., Castagner, A. 2016. Faunal and facies changes through the mid Homerian (late Wenlock, Silurian) positive carbon isotope excursion in Podolia, western Ukraine. Lethaia 49, 2, 170-198. DOI:10.1111/let.12137
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Jarochowska, E., Hierl, F., Vinn, O., Munnecke, A. 2016. Reducing taxonomic noise in problematic fossils: revision of the incertae sedis genus Allonema based on shape analysis. Bulletin of Geosciences 91, 1, 97-110. DOI:10.3140/bull.geosci.1588
Danukalova, M. K., Tolmacheva, T. Yu., Männik, P., Suyarkova, A. A., Kul'kov, N. P., Kuzmichev, A. B., Melnikova, L. M. 2015. New Data on the Stratigraphy of the Ordovician and Silurian of the Central Region of Kotelnyi Island (New Siberian Islands) and Correlation with the Synchronous Successions of the Eastern Arctic. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 23, 5, 468-494. DOI:10.1134/S0869593815050032
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Kaljo, D., Männik, P., Martma, T., Nõlvak, J. 2012. More about the Ordovician-Silurian transition beds at Mirny Creek, Omulev Mountains, NE Russia: carbon isotopes and conodonts. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 61, 4, 277-294. DOI:10.3176/earth.2012.4.07
Hints, O., Viira, V., Nõlvak, J. 2012. Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) conodont biostratigraphy in NW Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 61, 4, 210-226. DOI:10.3176/earth.2012.4.03
Viira, V. 2011. Lower and Middle Ordovician conodonts from subsurface of SE Estonia and adjacent Russia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 60, 1, 1-21. DOI:10.3176/earth.2011.1.01
Männik, P., Loydell, D. K., Lubeseder, S. 2011. Sheinwoodian (Silurian) conodonts and graptolites from NE Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Lethaia 44, 4, 410-416. DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00249.x
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Männik, P., Bogolepova, O. K., Põldvere, A., Gubanov, A. P. 2009. New data on Ordovician–Silurian conodonts and stratigraphy from the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russian Arctic. Geological Magazine 146, 4, 497-516. DOI:10.1017/S0016756809006372
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Männik, P. 2008. Conodont dating of some Telychian (Silurian) sections in Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, 3, 156-169. DOI:10.3176/earth.2008.3.04
Kaljo, D., Hints, L., Männik, P., Nõlvak, J. 2008. The succession of Hirnantian events based on data from Baltica: brachiopods, chitinozoans, conodonts, and carbon isotopes. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, 4, 197-218. DOI:10.3176/earth.2008.4.01
Viira, V. 2008. Conodont biostratigraphy in the Middle-Upper Ordovician boundary beds of Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, 1, 23-38.
Löfgren, A., Tolmacheva, T. 2008. Morphology, evolution and stratigraphic distribution in the Middle Ordovician conodont genus Microzarkodina. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 99, 1, 27-48. DOI:10.1017/S1755691008007056
Männik, P. 2007. Some comments on the Telychian-early Sheinwoodian conodont faunas, events and stratigraphy. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 46, 305-310.
Männik, P. 2007. Recent developments in the Upper Ordovician and lower Silurian conodont biostratigraphy in Estonia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, 1, 35-46.
Männik, P. 2007. An updated Telychian (Late Llandovery, Silurian) conodont zonation based on Baltic faunas. Lethaia 40, 1, 45-60. DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2006.00005.x
Löfgren, A. 2006. An Oistodus venustus-like conodont species from the Middle Ordovician of Baltoscandia. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 80, 1, 12-21. DOI:10.1007/BF02988394
Hints, O., Killing, M., Männik, P., Nestor, V. 2006. Frequency patterns of chitinozoans, scolecodonts, and conodonts in the upper Llandovery and lower Wenlock of the Paatsalu core, western Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 55, 2, 128-155. DOI:10.3176/GEOL.2006.2.04
Viira, V., Mens, K., Nemliher, J. 2006. Lower Ordovician Leetse Formation in the North Estonian Klint area. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 55, 2, 156-174. DOI:10.3176/geol.2006.2.05
Viira, V., Aldridge, R. J., Curtis, S. 2006. Conodonts of the Kiviõli Member, Viivikonna Formation (Upper Ordovician) in the Kohtla section, Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 55, 3, 213-240. DOI:10.3176/geol.2006.3.02
Löfgren, A., Viira, V., Mens, K. 2005. Conodont biostratigraphy and sedimentary history in the upper Tremadoc at Uuga, Cape Pakri, NW Estonia. GFF 127, 4, 283-293. DOI:10.1080/11035890501274283
Tolmacheva, T., Egerquist, E., Meidla, T., Tinn, O., Holmer, L. 2003. Faunal composition and dynamics in unconsolidated sediments: a case study from the Middle Ordovician of the East Baltic. Geological Magazine 140, 1, 31-44. DOI:10.1017/S001675680200701X
Viira, V., Einasto, R. 2003. Wenlock-Ludlow boundary beds and conodonts of Saaremaa Island, Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 52, 4, 213-238. DOI:10.3176/geol.2003.4.03
Calner, M., Jeppsson, L. 2003. Carbonate platform evolution and conodont stratigraphy during the middle Silurian Mulde Event, Gotland, Sweden. Geological Magazine 140, 2, 173-203. DOI:10.1017/S0016756802007070
Loydell, D. K., Männik, P., Nestor, V. 2003. Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Aizpute-41 core, Latvia. Geological Magazine 140, 2, 205-229. DOI:10.1017/S0016756802007264
Löfgren, A., Zhang, Jianhua 2003. Element association and morphology in some Middle Ordovician platform-equipped conodonts. Journal of Paleontology 77, 4, 721-737. DOI:10.1017/S0022336000044450
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Heinsalu, H., Kaljo, D., Kurvits, T., Viira, V. 2003. The stratotype of the Orasoja Member (Tremadocian, Northeast Estonia): lithology, mineralogy, and biostratigraphy. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 52, 3, 135-154. DOI:10.3176/geol.2003.3.02
Männik, P. 2002. Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933. Geodiversitas 24, 1, 77-97.
Pyle, L. J., Barnes, C. R. 2002. Taxonomy, Evolution, and Biostratigraphy of Conodonts from the Kechika Formation, Skoki Formation, and Road River Group (Upper Cambrian to Lower Silurian), Northeastern British Columbia. pp. 1-169. NRC Research Press. DOI:10.1139/9780660185217
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Viira, V. 2000. Latest Silurian (Ohesaare Stage) conodonts and the detorta Zone in the northern East Baltic. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 49, 1, 44-62. DOI:10.3176/geol.2000.1.04
Löfgren, A. 2000. Early to early Middle Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of the Gillberga quarry, northern Öland, Sweden. GFF 122, 4, 321-338. DOI:10.1080/11035890001224321
Viira, V. 1999. Late Silurian conodont biostratigraphy in the northern East Baltic. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 37, 2-3, 299-310.
Löfgren, A. 1999. The Ordovician conodont Semiacontiodus cornuformis (Sergeeva, 1963) and related species in Baltoscandia. Geologica et Palaeontologica 33, 71-91.
Miller, C. G., Märss, T. 1999. A conodont, thelodont and acanthodian fauna from the Lower Pridoli (Silurian) of the Much Wenlock area, Shropshire. Palaeontology 42, 4, 691-714. DOI:10.1111/1475-4983.00093
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Löfgren, A., Repetski, J. E., Ethington, R. L. 1999. Some trans-Iapetus conodont faunal connections in the Tremadocian. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 37, 2-3, 159-173.
Männik, P. 1998. Evolution and taxonomy of the Silurian conodont Pterospathodus. Palaeontology 41, 5, 1001-1050.
Zhang, J.-H. 1998. The Ordovician conodont genus Pygodus. Palaeontologia Polonica 58, 87-105.
Löfgren, A. 1998. Apparatus structure of the Ordovician conodont Decoriconus peselephantis (Lindström 1955). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 72, 3/4, 337-350. DOI:10.1007/BF02988364
Viira, V., Aldridge, R. J. 1998. Upper Wenlock to Lower Pridoli (Silurian) conodont biostratigrphy of Saaremaa, Estonia, and a correlation with Britain. Journal of Micropalaeontology 17, 1, 33-50. DOI:10.1144/jm.17.1.33
Szaniawski, H., Bengtson, S. 1998. Late Cambrian euconodonts from Sweden. Palaeontologia Polonica 58, 7-29.
Valiukevičius, J. 1998. Acanthodians and zonal stratigraphy of Lower and Middle Devonian in East Baltic and Byelorussia. Palaeontographica A-248, 1-53.
Mens, K., Heinsalu, H., Jegonjan, K., Kurvits, T., Puura, I., Viira, V. 1996. Cambrian-Ordovician boundary beds in the Pakri Cape section, NW Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 45, 1, 9-21. DOI:10.3176/geol.1996.1.02
Jeppsson, L., Viira, V., Männik, P. 1994. Silurian conodont-based correlations between Gotland (Sweden) and Saaremaa (Estonia). Geological Magazine 131, 2, 201-218. DOI:10.1017/S0016756800010736
Viira, V. 1994. A new Upper Silurian conodont species from Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 43, 1, 32-37. DOI:10.3176/geol.1994.1.03
Männik, P. 1994. Conodonts from the Pusku quarry, Lower Llandovery, Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 43, 4, 183-191. DOI:10.3176/geol.1994.4.03
Männik, P. 1992. A new conodont from the Lower Llandovery of Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 41, 1, 23-28. DOI:10.3176/geol.1992.1.03
Männik, P. 1992. Taxonomy of conodont species Ozarkodina polinclinata (Nicoll et Rexroad) in the Silurian of Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 41, 2, 54-62. DOI:10.3176/geol.1992.2.02
Heinsalu, H., Viira, V., Paalits, I. 1991. Cambrian-Ordovician boundary beds in the Saka II section, North-East Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 40, 1, 8-15. DOI:10.3176/geol.1991.1.02
Männik, P., Viira, V. 1990. Conodonts. Field Meeting Estonia 1990. An Excursion Guidebook. Eds: Kaljo, D. & Nestor, H., pp. 84-90. Estonian Academy of Sciences.
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Leitud liigid
1. Acanthodus uncinatus Furnish, 1938 | Varangu lade→Hunnebergi lade
3. Acodus firmus Viira, 1970 | Pakerordi lade
4. Acontiodus latus Pander, 1856 | Latorpi ülemlade
9. Amorphognathus ordovicicus Branson et Mehl, 1933 | Nabala lade→Porkuni lade
10. Amorphognathus superbus (Rhodes, 1953) | Oandu lade→Nabala lade
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Klassifikatsioon
organismirühmBiota
riikAnimalia
hõimkondChordata
alamhõimkondVertebrata
klassAves
Conodonta
alamklassTexania
seltsEuconodonta
Paraconodontida
Protopanderodontida
sugukondPolyplacognathidae
perekondAcanthodus
Acodus
Acontiodus
Aldridgeodus
Amorphognathus
Amydrotaxis
Ansella
Aphelognathus
Apsidognathus
Aspelundia
Astropentagnathus
Aulacognathus
Baltoniodus
Belodella
Belodina
Complexodus
Cornuodus
Coryssognathus
Costiconus
Ctenognathodus
Dapsilodus
Decoriconus
Distomodus
Drepanodus
Dzikodus
Eoconodontus
Erraticodon
Eucharodus
Gamachignathus
Gothodus
Hamarodus
Histiodella
Iapetognathus
Icriodella
Icriognathus
Juanognathus
Jumudontus
Kockelella
Lenodus
Microzarkodina
Noixodontus
Nudibelodina
Oelandodus
Oepikodus
Oistodus
Oslodus
Oulodus
Ozarkodina
Paltodus
Panderodus
Paracordylodus
Parapanderodus
Paroistodus
Periodon
Phragmodus
Plectodina
Pohlerodus
Polonodus
Polygnathoides
Pranognathus
Prioniodus
Proconodontus
Protopanderodus
Pseudobelodina
Pseudooneotodus
Pterospathodus
Pygodus
Rexroadus
Rossodus
Sagittodontina
Scabbardella
Scalpellodus
Scandodus
Scolopodus
Semiacontiodus
Spinodus
Stolodus
Strachanognathus
Toxodontus
Trapezognathus
Triangulodus
Tripodus
Variabiloconus
Venoistodus
Walliserodus
Wurmiella
Yaoxianognathus
Zieglerodina
sugukondOviraptoridae
See also