Phylum

Echinodermata Bruguière, 1791

Echinoderms

Selection of related publications
Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A., Toom, U. 2024. Early Silurian crinoid diversification on Baltica: Euspirocrinus varbolaensis sp. nov.. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 73, 1, 37-44. DOI:10.3176/earth.2024.05
Thompson, J. R., Cotton, L. J., Candela, Y., Kutscher, M., Reich, M., Bottjer, D. J. 2022. The Ordovician diversification of sea urchins: systematics of the Bothriocidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19, 20, 1395-1448. DOI:10.1080/14772019.2022.2042408
Sheffield, S. L., Lam, A. R., Phillips, S. F., Deline, B. 2022. Morphological Dynamics and Response Following the Dispersal of Ordovician–Silurian Diploporan Echinoderms to Laurentia. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 34, 9, 123-140. DOI:10.7302/4375
Rozhnov, S. V. 2021. Two Coils in the Morphology of Myelodactylids (Crinoidea, Disparida): the Morphogenetic Basis of Their Formation and Adaptation Potential. Paleontological Journal 55, 9, 993-1012. DOI:10.1134/S0031030121090124
Semenov, N. K., Terentyev, S. S., Mirantsev, G. V., Rozhnov, S. V. 2021. A New Hybocrinid Genus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the Middle Ordovician of Ladoga Glint on the Volkhov River. Paleontological Journal 55, 1, 54-63. DOI:10.1134/S0031030121010123
Cole, S. R., Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A. 2021. A Hirnantian holdover from the Late Ordovician mass extinction: phylogeny and biogeography of a new anthracocrinid crinoid from Estonia. Papers in Palaeontology 7, 2, 1195-1204. DOI:10.1002/spp2.1345
Paul, C. R. C., Toom, U. 2021. Cystoblastus and the origin of the Hemicosmitoida (Echinodermata: Blastozoa). Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 70, 3, 165-181. DOI:10.3176/earth.2021.13
Paul, C. R. C., Toom, U. 2021. The diploporite blastozoan Glyptosphaerites (Echinodermata: Blastozoa) and the origin of diplopores. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 70, 4, 224-239. DOI:10.3176/EARTH.2021.15
Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A., Tinn, O. 2020. Kalana Lagerstätte crinoids: Early Silurian (Llandovery) of central Estonia. Journal of Paleontology 94, 1, 131-144. DOI:10.1017/jpa.2019.27
Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A., Toom, U. 2020. Early Silurian recovery of Baltica crinoids following the end-Ordovician extinctions (Llandovery, Estonia). Journal of Paleontology 94, 3, 521-530. DOI:10.1017/jpa.2019.89
Paul, C. R. C., Hotchkiss, F. H. C. 2020. Origin and significance of Lovén's Law in echinoderms. Journal of Paleontology 94, 6, 1089-1102. DOI:10.1017/jpa.2020.31
Cole, S. R., Toom, U. 2019. New camerate crinoid genera from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of Estonia: evolutionary origin of family Opsiocrinidae and a phylogenetic assessment of Ordovician Monobathrida. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17, 7, 597-611. DOI:10.1080/14772019.2018.1447519
Rozhnov, S. 2019. The onset of the Ordovician evolutionary radiation of benthic animals in the Baltic Region: Explosive diversity of attachment structures of stalked echinoderms, substrate revolution and the role of cyanobacterial communities. Palaeoworld 28, 1-2, 110-122. DOI:10.1016/j.palwor.2018.05.001
Wright, D. F., Toom, U. 2017. New crinoids from the Baltic region (Estonia): fossil tip-dating phylogenetics constrains the origin and Ordovician-Silurian diversification of the Flexibilia (Echinodermata). Palaeontology 60, 6, 893-910. DOI:10.1111/pala.12324
Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A. 2016. Llandovery (early Silurian) crinoids from Hiiumaa Island, western Estonia. Journal of Paleontology 90, 6, 1138-1147. DOI:10.1017/jpa.2016.120
Rozhnov, S. V. 2016. Aboral Nervous System in Two Ordovician Crinoids: Reconstruction and Comparison of Baltic Pentamerocrinus Jaekel and Grammocrinus Eichwald. Paleontological Journal 2, 58-67. DOI:10.1134/S0031030116020064
Paul, C. R. C., Rozhnov, S. V. 2016. Revision of Scoliocystis (Rhombifera: Echinoencrinitidae) and related cystoid genera. Paleontological Journal 50, 3, 255-275. DOI:10.1134/S0031030116030059
Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A., Vinn, O. 2015. Wenlock and Pridoli (Silurian) crinoids from Saaremaa, western Estonia (Phylum Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology 89, 1, 72-81. DOI:10.1017/jpa.2014.6
Ausich, W. I., Rozhnov, S. V., Kammer, T. W. 2015. Iocrinid Crinoids from the Ordovician of the Baltic Region, Estonia. Paleontological Journal 49, 2, 145-152. DOI:10.1134/S0031030115020069
Reich, M., Kutscher, M. 2014. A new ophiocistoid (Echinodermata) from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. GFF 136, 1, 1-5. DOI:10.1080/11035897.2013.861863
Tinn, O., Ainsaar, L. 2014. Asterozoan pedicellariae and ossicles revealed from the Middle Ordovician of Baltica.. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59, 2, 353-358. DOI:10.4202/app.2012.0034
Rozhnov, S. V. 2013. A new Genus of Parablastoidea (Echinodermata) from the Middle Ordovician of Ladoga Glint on the Volkhov River (Ladoga Region). Paleontological Journal 47, 2, 154-161. DOI:10.1134/S003103011302010X
Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A., Vinn, O. 2012. Crinoids from the Silurian of Western Estonia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57, 3, 613-631. DOI:10.4202/app.2010.0094
Rozhnov, S. V. 2012. Reinterpretation of Baltic Ordovician Heckerites multistellatus Rozhnov, 1987 as a possible paracrinoid based on new material. Zoosymposia 7, 307-316. DOI:10.11646/zoosymposia.7.1.28
Vinn, O., Wilson, M. A. 2012. Encrustation and bioerosion on late Sheinwoodian (Wenlock, Silurian) stromatoporoids from Saaremaa, Estonia. Carnets de Géologie 12, 2, 183-191. DOI:10.4267/2042/47551
Paul, C. R. C., Donovan, S. K. 2011. A review of the British Silurian cystoids. Geological Journal 46, 5, 434-450. DOI:10.1002/gj.1287
Reich, M. Kutscher, M. 2010. Cyclocystoids (Echinodermata: Echinozoa) from silurian of gotland, Sweden. Proceedings of the 12th International Echinoderm Conference, Durham, New Hampshire, USA, 7-11 August 2006, pp. 67-70. Taylor & Francis.
Zuykov, M. A., Terentiev, S. S., Harper, D. A. T. 2008. New endemic brachiopod and echinoderm genera from the Upper Ordovician of the St. Petersburg region, nortwestern Russia. GFF 130, 2, 87-93. DOI:10.1080/11035890801302087
Rozhnov, S. V. 2007. New data on perittocrinids and hybocrinids (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from the Middle Ordovician of the Baltic region. Annales de Paléontologie 93, 4, 261-276. Elsevier BV. DOI:10.1016/j.annpal.2007.09.004
Blake, D. B., Rozhnov, S. 2007. Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimen from Baltica. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52, 3, 519-533.
Bockelie, J. F., Paul, C. R. C. 2007. Cyathotheca suecica and its bearing on the evolution of the Edrioasteroidea. Lethaia 16, 4, 257-264. DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1983.tb02006.x
Hansen, T., Bruton, D. L., Jakobsen. L. 2005. Starfish from the Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 85, 3, 209-216.
Shackleton, J. D. 2005. Skeletal homologies, phylogeny and classification of the earliest Asterozoan echinoderms. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3, 1, 29-114. DOI:10.1017/S1477201905001525
Rozhnov, S. V., Fedorov, P. V. 2001. A New Cryptocrinid Genus (Eocrinoidea, Echinodermata) from the Bioherm-related Volkhov Facies (Late Arenigian, Ordovician), Leningrad Region. Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 35, 6, 606-613.
Stukalina, G. A. 2000. Silurijskie krinoidei Sibirskoj platformy. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute (PIN) 278, 1-108. Nauka.
Rozhnov, S. V. 1997. Unusual Eocrinoid (?) (Echinodermata) from Volkhov Horizon (Early Ordovician, Arenig) of St-Petersburg Region. Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 1, 59-64.
Rozhnov, S. V., Jefferies, R. P. S. 1996. A new stem-chordate solute from the Middle Ordovician of Estonia. Geobios 29, 1, 91-109. DOI:10.1016/S0016-6995(96)80074-X
Arendt, Yu. A., Rozhnov, S. V. 1995. On the hemistreptocrinoids (Echinodermata). Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 1, 119-122.
Rozhnov, S. V., Kushlina, V. B. 1994. New interpretation of bolboporids (Echinodermata, ?Eocrinoidea). Paleontological Journal 28, 2, 71–80.
Rozhnov, S. V. 1991. A new eocrinoid order from Lower Ordovician. Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 2, 34-44.
Rozhnov, S. 1990. Morphology and systematic position of Middle Ordovician Virucrinus Rozhnov gen. nov. (Crinoidea, Inadunata, Disparida) from North Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 39, 2, 68-75. DOI:10.3176/geol.1990.2.04
Rozhnov, S. V. 1990. A new representative of classis Stylophora (Echinodermata). Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 4, 37-48.
Rozhnov, S. V., Männil, R. M., Nestor, H. E. 1989. Pisocrinid crinoids from the Lower Silurian of the East Baltic. Fossil and Recent Echinoderm researches, pp. 73-80. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR Institute of Geology.
Stukalina, G. A., Hints, L. 1989. On the morphology and systematics of Achradocystites (Paracrinoidea). Fossil and Recent Echinoderm researches, pp. 58-72. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR Institute of Geology.
Schallreuter, R. 1989. Ordovizische Seeigel aus Geschieben. Geschiebekunde aktuell 5, 1, 3-16.
Rozhnov, S. V. 1989. New data about rhipidocystids (Eocrinoidea). Fossil and Recent Echinoderm researches, pp. 38-57. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR Institute of Geology.
Kõrts, A. 1989. Brachiolar plates of Bockia (Eocrinoidea) from the Middle Ordovician of Estonia and Leningrad Region. Fossil and Recent Echinoderm researches, pp. 34-37. Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR Institute of Geology.
Donovan, S. K., Franzén-Bengtson, C. 1988. Myelodactylid crinoid columnals from the Lower Visby Beds (Llandoverian) of Gotland. GFF 110, 1, 69-79. DOI:10.1080/11035898809453122
Rozhnov, S. V. 1988. Morfologiâ i sistematičeskoe položenie nižneordovikskih morskih lilij. Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 2, 67-79.
Stukalina, G. A. 1988. Studies in Paleozoic crinoid-columnals and -stems. Palaeontographica 204, 1-66.
Rozhnov, S. V., Männil, R. M., Nestor, H. E. 1987. Pisocrinids from the Silurian of Baltics. Problems of phylogenese and taxonomy of echinoderms. Abstracts, pp. 79-80. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia.
Stukalina, G., Hints, L. 1987. Columnals of echinoderms with condylial articulation ( the Ordovician of the Baltic area). Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Geoloogia / Известия Академии наук Эстонской ССР. Геология 36, 3, 104-112. DOI:10.3176/geol.1987.3.02
Männil, Ralf 1987. Ordovician cyclocystoids of Baltic. Problems of phylogenese and taxonomy of echinoderms. Abstracts, pp. 71-72. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia.
Berg-Madsen, V. 1987. A new cyclocystoid from the Lower Ordovician of Öland, Sweden. Palaeontology 30, 1, 105-116.
Männil, Ralf 1987. Explanatory notes to the stratigraphical chemes of the Ordovician deposits. Resolutions of the interdepartmental stratigraphical conference on the East European Platform in 1984, with regional stratigraphical schemes, pp. 17-57.
Stukalina, G. A. 1986. Zakonomernosti istoričeskogo razvitiâ krinoidej v rannem i srednem paleozoe SSSR. pp. 1-144. Nauka.
Donovan, S. K. 1986. A new genus of Inadunate crinoid with unique stem morphology from the Ashgill of Sweden. Palaeontology 29, 2, 235-242.
Donovan, S. K. 1984. Ristnacrinus and the earliest myelodactylid from the Ashgillian Boda Limestone of Sweden. GFF 106, 4, 347-356. DOI:10.1080/11035898509454663
Ginda, V. A. 1984. Columns of new Ordovician crinoids of the south-western margin of the East-European platform. Paleontologicheskii sbornik 21, 58-63.
Bockelie, J. F. 1984. The Diploporita of the Oslo region, Norway. Palaeontology 27, 1, 1-68.
Arendt, Yu. A., Rozhnov, S. V. 1984. Koronatnye iglokožie [Коронатные иглокожие]. Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 3, 86-97.
Franzén, C. 1983. Ecology and taxonomy of Silurian crinoids from Gotland. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 665, 1-31.
Franzén-Bengtson, C. 1983. Radial perforations in crinoid stems from the Silurian of Gotland. Lethaia 16, 4, 291-302. DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1983.tb02012.x
Paul, C. R. C., Bockelie, J. F. 1983. Evolution and Functional Morphology of the Cystoid Sphaeronites in Britain and Scandinavia. Palaeontology 26, 4, 687-734.
Franzén, C. 1982. A Silurian crinoid thanatotope from Gotland. GFF 103, 4, 469-490. DOI:10.1080/11035898209453725
Rozhnov, S. V. 1981. Morskie lilii nadsemejstva Pisocrinacea. Transactions of the Paleontological Institute (PIN) 192, 1-126. Nauka.
Rõõmusoks, A. 1981. Ordovician and Silurian Strophomenida of Estonia, III. Genus Thaerodonta Wang. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Geoloogia / Известия Академии наук Эстонской ССР. Геология 30, 2, 61-71. DOI:10.3176/geol.1981.2.04
Bockelie, J. F. 1981. A re-evaluation of the Ordovician cystoid Stichocystis Jaekel and the taxonomic implications. GFF 103, 1, 51-59. DOI:10.1080/11035898109455204
Bockelie, J. F. 1981. Morphology, growth and taxonomy of the Ordovician rhombiferan Caryocystites. GFF 103, 4, 499-513. DOI:10.1080/11035898209453727
Bockelie, J. F. 1981. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo Region, Norway: 30. The eocrinoid genera Cryptocrinites, Rhipidocystis and Bockia. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 61, 2, 123-147.
Bockelie, J. F. 1981. Symmetry and ambulacral pattern of the rhombiferan superfamily Caryocystitida and the relationship to other Blastozoa. GFF 103, 4, 491-498. DOI:10.1080/11035898209453726
Bockelie, J. F., Briskeby, P. I. 1980. The presence of a bothriocidarid (Echinoid) in the Ordovician of Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 60, 89-91.
Yeltyscheva, R. S. 1979. Stebli paleozojskih morskih lilij Pribaltiki (verhni ordovik). Voprosy paleontologii VIII, 94-106. Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo Universiteta.
Franzén, C. 1979. Echinoderms. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning 73, 3, 216-224.
Stukalina, G. A. 1979. A new family of Ordovician crinoids. Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 4, 89-95.
Stukalina, G., Hints, L. 1979. New finds of Echinoderms in the Upper Viruan deposits of North Estonia. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Geoloogia / Известия Академии наук Эстонской ССР. Геология 28, 1, 1-10. DOI:10.3176/geol.1979.1.01
Bockelie, J. F. 1979. Taxonomy, functional morphology and palaeoecology of the Ordovician cystoid family Hemicosmitidae. Palaeontology 22, 2, 363-406.
Bockelie, J. F. 1979. Celticystis n. gen., a gomphocystitid from the Silurian of Sweden. GFF 101, 2, 157-166. DOI:10.1080/11035897909452575
Moore, R. C., Lane, N. G., Strimple, H. L., Sprinkle, J., Fay, R. O. 1978. Inadunata. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part T. Echinodermata 2, pp. T520-T759. Geological Society of America.
Franzén, C. 1977. Crinoid holdfasts from the Silurian of Gotland. Lethaia 10, 3, 219-234. DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1977.tb00617.x
Arendt, Yu. A. 1976. Ordovikskie iglokožie gemistreptokrinoidei. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of Naturalists. Geological series 51, 2, 63-84.
Yeltyscheva, R. S. 1975. Krinoidei pograničnyh sloev ordovika i silura Podolii. Voprosy paleontologii VII, 124-144. Izdatel'stvo Leningradskiogo Universiteta.
Regnéll, G. 1973. Tidiga tagghudingar. Fauna och flora 4, 161-165.
Kier, P. M. 1973. A new Silurian echinoid genus from Scotland. Palaeontology 16, 4, 651 – 663.
Bockelie, J. F. 1973. The Presence of Prunocystites (Cystoidea) in Stage 9e of Ringerike, Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 53, 317-321.
Yeltyscheva, R. S., Sizova, Y. N. 1971. Ontogenetičeskie izmeneniâ steblej nekotoryh paleozojskih krinoidej (Columnals - stebli morskih lilij). Voprosy paleontologii VI, 33-40. Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo Universiteta.
Rõõmusoks, A. 1970. Stratigraphy of the Viruan Series (Middle Ordovician) in Northern Estonia, I. pp. 1-346. Valgus.
Reif, W.-E. 1968. Schwammreste aus dem oberen Ordovizium von Estland und Schweden. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 12, 733-744.
Jefferies, R. P. S., Joysey, K. A., Paul, C. R. C., Ramsbottom, W. H. C. 1967. The Fossil Record a symposium with dokumentation. Chapter 21 Echinodermata: Pelmatozoa. The Fossil Record, pp. 565-581. Geological Society of London.
Kesling, R. V. 1967. Cystoids. Treatise on Invertebtate Paleontology. Part S. Echinodermata 1. Volume 1, pp. S85-S268. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas.
Yeltyscheva, R. S. 1966. Stebli ordovikskih morskih lilij Pribaltiki (srednij ordovik). Voprosy paleontologii V, 53-70. Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo Universiteta.
Hecker, R. F. 1964. Klass Cystoidea. Cistoidei. Osnovy paleontologii. Iglokožie, gemihordovye, pogonofory i ŝetinkočelûstnye, pp. 30-45. Nedra.
Yeltyscheva, R. S. (Yeltyschewa, R. S.) 1964. Stebli ordovikskih morskih lilij Pribaltiki (nižnij ordovik). Voprosy paleontologii IV, 59-82. Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo Universiteta.
Männil, R. M. 1962. The taxonomy and morphology of Bothriocidaris (Echinoidea). ENSV TA Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused IX, 143-181.
Männil, Ralf 1959. New Representatives of Hoplocrinus from the Middle Ordovician of Estonia. Tartu Riikliku Ülikooli Toimetised 75, I, 82-97.
Ubaghs, G. 1958. Recherches sur les Crinoïdes Camerata du Silurien de Gotland (Suède). Arkiv För Zoologi 11, 16, 259-306.
Männil, Ralf 1958. Zur Stratigraphie der oberordovizischen Nabala-Stufe (FIa) in Estland. ENSV TA Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused II, 3-17.
Hecker, R. F. 1958. New data on the genus Achradocystites (Echinodermata, Paracrinoidea). ENSV TA Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused III, 145-163.
Yeltyscheva, R. S. 1957. O novom semejstve paleozojskih morskih lilij. Ežegodnik Vsesoûznogo Paleontologičeskogo Obŝestva XVI, 218-234.
Hecker, E. L., Hecker, R. F. 1957. O novom vide roda Protocrinites Eichwald. Ežegodnik Vsesoûznogo Paleontologičeskogo Obŝestva XVI, 274-279. Gosudarstvennoe nauchno-texnicheskoe izdatel'stvo litaratury po geologii i ohrany nedr.
List of species
5. Achradocystites schmidti Hecker, 1958 | Keila Stage→Oandu Stage
6. Amorphocystis esthoniae Jaekel, 1899 | Ordovician→Silurian
12. Archaegocystis granulata Paul, 1973 | Katian→Hirnantian
13. Artificiosocrinus artificiosus (Yeltyschewa, 1964) | Volkhov Stage→Kunda Stage
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Classification
Organism groupBiota
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumAgmata
incertae sedis
Annelida
Arthropoda
Brachiopoda
Bryozoa
Chordata
Cnidaria
Echinodermata
SubphylumAsterozoa
Blastozoa
Echinozoa
Eleutherozoa
Pelmatozoa
ClassCyclocystoidea
Homoiostelea
Stylophora
PhylumHemichordata
Mollusca
Onychophora
Pogonophora
Porifera
Priapulida
SubphylumLophotrochozoa
ClassChitinozoa
OrderHyolithelminthida
See also