klass

Placodermi McCoy, 1848

Rüükalad

Taksoni iseloomustus

Eesti ala Vanaaegkonnas elanud lõugsuused (Gnathostomata) jagunevad nelja suurde rühma: rüükalad ehk plakodermid (Placodermi), akantoodid (Acanthodii), kõrhkalad (Chondrichthyes) ja luukalad (Osteichthyes).

Devoni ajastul elanud rüükalad ehk plakodermid (Placodermi), said oma nime nende keha esipoolt katnud paksu luuplaatidest rüü järgi. Rüü koosnes pea ja keharüüst ning mõlemad jagunesid omakorda erineva kuju ja suurusega luuplaatideks. Liigeskaelalistel rüükaladel (Arthrodira) oli pea ja kehaosa vahel kuklaliiges. Rüükaladel olid hästi arenenud paarisuimed ja sabauim ning kõhrest sisetoes. Neil ei olnud hambaid, toitu haarasid nad lõugade teravate servadega. Enamus rüükaladest elas veekogude põhjas, toitus detriidist ja taimedest. Väikesed rüükalad olid 3-4 cm pikkused. Suurematest röövkaladest, nagu Kanadast leitud Dunkleosteus, kelle pikkus ulatus kuni 11 meetrini, said maailma esimesed hiidselgroogsed. Esimesed Plakodermid ilmusid Siluri ajastul, nende õitseaeg langes aga Devoni ajastusse, mil nad saavutasid kiiresti suure mitmekesisuse. Teatakse ligikaudu 200 rüükalade perekonda, neist enamikku tuntakse ainult luuplaatide järgi, terved eksemplarid on haruldased. Eesti aladelt on leitud hulgaliselt Devoni ajastul elanud erinevate rüükalade luuplaate.

 

Rüükala Asterolepis ornata rekonstruktsioon, V. Karatajute-Talimaa joonis.

Valik taksonit käsitlevast teaduskirjandusest
Plax, D., Lukševičs, E. 2023. A new Early Devonian antiarch (Placodermi) from Belarus and phylogeny of Asterolepidoidei. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 68, 3, 513-527. DOI:10.4202/app.01075.2023
Plax, D. P., Newman, M. J. 2023. Formal description of Valentinaspis profundus gen. et sp. nov., a placoderm fish and zone fossil from the Emsian of Belarus and Estonia. New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin 94, 525-532.
Ivanov, A. 2022. New ptyctodontid placoderm from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of European Russia. Biological Communications 67, 4, 247–252. DOI:10.21638/spbu03.2022.401
Trinajstic, K., Long, J. A., Ivanov, A. O., Mark-Kurik, E. 2019. A new genus of ptyctodont (Placodermi) from the Late Devonian of Baltic area. Palaeontologia Electronica 22, 2, 1-19. DOI:10.26879/890
Mark-Kurik, E., Newman, M. J., Toom, U., den Blaauwen, J. L. 2018. A new species of the antiarch Microbrachius from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of Belarus. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 67, 1, 1-11. DOI:10.3176/earth.2017.22
Trinajstic, K., Boisvert, C., Long, J. A., Johanson, Z. 2018. Evolution of Vertebrate Reproduction. Evolution and Development of Fishes, pp. 207-226. Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/9781316832172.013
Newman, M. J., Den Blaauwen, J. L., Tuuling, T. 2017. Middle Devonian coccosteid (Arthrodira, Placodermi) biostratigraphy of Scotland and Estonia. Scottish Journal of Geology 53, 2, 63-69. Geological Society of London. DOI:10.1144/sjg-2016-012
Newman, M. J., Mark-Kurik, E., Den Blaauwen, J. L., Zupiņš, I. 2015. Scottish Middle Devonian fishes in Estonia. Scottish Journal of Geology 51, 2, 141-147. DOI:10.1144/sjg2014-006
Long, J. A., Mark-Kurik, E., Young, G. C. 2014. Taxonomic revision of buchanosteoid placoderms (Arthrodira) from the Early Devonian of south-eastern Australia and Arctic Russia. Australian Journal of Zoology 62, 1, 26-43. DOI:10.1071/ZO13081
Mark-Kurik, E. 2013. A new Lower Devonian arthrodire (Placodermi) from the NW Siberian Platform. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 62, 3, 131-138. DOI:10.3176/earth.2013.11
Vasiļkova, J., Lukševičs, E., Stinkulis, Ģ., Zupiņš, I. 2012. Taphonomy of the vertebrate bone beds from the Klūnas fossil site, Upper Devonian Tērvete Formation of Latvia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 61, 2, 105-119. DOI:10.3176/earth.2012.2.03
Mark-Kurik, E., Põldvere, A. 2012. Devonian stratigraphy in Estonia: current state and problems. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 61, 1, 33-47. DOI:10.3176/earth.2012.1.03
Lukševičs, E., Lebedev, O., Zakharenko, G. 2010. Palaeozoogeographical connections of the Devonian vertebrate communities of the Baltica Province. Part I. Eifelian–Givetian. Palaeoworld 19, 1-2, 94-107. DOI:10.1016/j.palwor.2010.02.001
Lebedev, O. A., Lukševičs, E., Zakharenko, G. V. 2010. Palaeozoogeographical connections of the Devonian vertebrate communities of the Baltica Province. Part II. Late Devonian. Palaeoworld 19, 1-2, 108-128. DOI:10.1016/j.palwor.2009.12.003
Lebedev, O. A., Mark-Kurik, E., Karatajūtė-Talimaa, V. N., Lukševičs, E., Ivanov, A. 2009. Bite marks as evidence of predation in early vertebrates. Acta Zoologica 90, Suppl. 1, 344-356. DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00344.x
Dupret, V., Goujet, D., Mark-Kurik, E. 2007. A new genus of placoderm (Arthrodira: 'Actinolepida') from the Lower Devonian of Podolia (Ukraine). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27, 2, 266-284. DOI:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[266:ANGOPA]2.0.CO;2
Leleshus, V., Mark-Kurik, E., Karatajūte-Talimaa, V. 2005. Devonian fishes from Tajikistan. Ichthyolith Issues, Special Publication 9, 22-26. St. Petersburg University.
Ivanov, A., Zhuravlev, A., Stinkulis, G., Evdokimova, I., Dronov, A., Sokiran, E., Shishlov, S., Broushkin, A., Myshkina, N. 2005. Devonian sections of north-west of East European Platform. 6th Baltic Stratigraphical Conference, IGCP 503 Meeting, August 23-25, 2005. Cambrian and Ordovician of St. Petersburg region. Guidebook of the pre-conference field trip, pp. 1-66. St. Petersburg State University, VSEGEI.
Lukševičs, E., Zupinš, I. 2004. Sedimentology, fauna, and taphonomy of the Pavâri site, Late Devonian of Latvia. Acta Universitatis Latviensis 679, 99-119.
Mark-Kurik, E. 2004. Buchanosteids (Placodermi, Arthrodira) from Central Asia. Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates, pp. 431-438. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
Mark-Kurik, E., Young, G. C. 2003. A new Buchanosteid Arthrodire (placoderm fish) from the Early Devonian of the Ural Mountains. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23, 1, 13-27. DOI:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[13:ANBAPF]2.0.CO;2
Mark-Kurik, E. 2002. Kartalaspis and other Early Devonian arthrodires and their stratigraphical significance. The Fifth Baltic Stratigraphical Conference "Basin Stratigraphy – Modern Methods and Problems", September 22 – 27, 2002, Vilnus, Lithuania: Extended Abstracts, pp. 117-119. Geological Survey of Lithuania.
Lukševičs, E. 2001. Bothriolepid antiarchs (Vertebrata; Placodermi) from the Devonian of the north-western part of the East European Platform. Geodiversitas 23, 4, 489-609.
Upeniece, I. 2001. The unique fossil assemblage from the Lode Quarry (Upper Devonian, Latvia). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität in Berlin 4, 101-119. DOI:10.5194/fr-4-101-2001
Mark-Kurik, E. 2000. The Middle Devonian fishes of the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia) and Belarus. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 223, 309-324.
Nessov L. A., Mark-Kurik, E. 1999. Tropinema, a Middle Devonian arthrodire with high dorsal crest from east Baltic. Materials on the history of the fauna of Eurasia, pp. 58-66.
Mark-Kurik, E. 1994. Plakodermy i ih stratigrafičeskoe značenie. Stratigrafiâ i fauna nižnedevonskih otloženij tarejskogo opornogo razreza (Tajmyr), pp. 123-131. Nedra.
Mark-Kurik, E. 1993. Remarks on the trunk-shield structure in Homostius (Placodermi). Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 42, 4, 176-180. DOI:10.3176/geol.1993.4.05
Mark-Kurik, E. 1991. Contribution to the correlation of the Emsian (Lower Devonian) on the basis of placoderm fishes. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 25, 1, 11-23. DOI:10.1127/nos/25/1991/11
Mark-Kurik, E., Ivanov, A., Obrucheva, O. 1991. The endoskeleton of shoulder girdle in ptyctodonts (Placodermi). Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 40, 4, 160-164. DOI:10.3176/geol.1991.4.04
Ivanov, O. A. 1988. Novyj rod artrodir iz verhnego devona Timana [Новый род артродир из верхнего девона Тимана]. Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 1988, 1, 121-123.
Lukševičs, E. V. 1986. Novaâ pancirnaâ ryba (Antiarchi) iz Tervetskoj svity Latvii [Новая панцирная рыба (Antiarchi) из терветской свиты Латвии]. Biofacies and fauna of the Silurian and Devonian basins of the Baltic, pp. 131-137. Zinatne.
Mark-Kurik E. 1985. Actinolepis spinosa n. sp. (Arthrodira) from the Early Devonian of Latvia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5, 4, 287-292. DOI:10.1080/02724634.1985.10011866
Goujet, G. F. 1984. Placoderm interrelationships: A new interpretation, with a short review of placoderm classifications. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 107, 3, 211-243.
Krasnov, V. I., Kurik, E. J. 1982. Pervaâ nahodka iskopaemoj ryby v izvestnâkah taštypskoj svity Ûžno-Minusinskoj vpadiny. Stratigrafiâ i paleontologiâ devona i karbona, pp. 47-52. Nauka.
Lyarskaya, L. 1981. Pancirnye ryby devona Pribaltiki. Asterolepididae. pp. 1-152. Zinatne.
Mark-Kurik, E. 1977. Stroenie plečevogo poâsa rannih ptiktodontov [Строение плечевого пояса ранних птиктодонтов]. Očerki po filogenii i sistematike ryb i besčelûstnyh, pp. 61-70. Наука.
Mark-Kurik, E. 1976. Arthrodire Holonema from the Middle Devonian of Novaya Zemlya. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Keemia, Geoloogia / Известия Академии наук Эстонской ССР. Химия. Геология 25, 3, 257-259. DOI:10.3176/chem.geol.1976.3.16
Ritchie, A. 1975. Groenlandaspis in Antarctica, Australia and Europe. Nature 254, 5501, 569-573. DOI:10.1038/254569a0
Mark-Kurik, E. 1974. Discovery of new Devonian fish localities in the Soviet Arctic. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Keemia, Geoloogia / Известия Академии наук Эстонской ССР. Химия. Геология 23, 4, 332-335. DOI:10.3176/chem.geol.1974.4.07
Ritchie, A. 1973. Wuttagoonaspis gen. nov., an unusual arthrodire from the Devonian of Western New South Wales, Australia. Paleontographica 143, A, 58-72.
Mark-Kurik, E. 1973. Actinolepis (Arthrodira) from the Middle Devonian of Estonia. Palaeontographica 143, 89-108.
Mark-Kurik, E. 1973. Kimaspis, a new Palaeacanthaspid from the Early Devonian of Central Asia. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised. Keemia, Geoloogia / Известия Академии наук Эстонской ССР. Химия. Геология 22, 4, 321-330. DOI:10.3176/chem.geol.1973.4.08
Ritchie, A. 1969. Ancient fish of Australia. Australian Natural History 16, 7, 218-223.
Vorobyeva, E. I., Lyarskaya, L. A. 1968. Ostatki kisteperyh i dvoâkodyšaŝih iz amatskih sloev Latvii i ih zahoronenie. Essays on phylogeny and systematics of fossil fishes and agnathans, pp. 71-86. Nauka.
Heintz, A. 1967. A new tremataspidid from Ringerike, South Norway. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 47, 311, 55-68. DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1967.tb01395.x
Obrucheva, O. P. 1966. New facts concerning the coccosteids (Placodermi) from the Baltic Devonian. Palaeontology and stratigraphy of the Baltic and the Byelorussia. Number I (VI), pp. 151-189. Mintis.
Obruchev, D. V., Mark-Kurik, E. J. (eds) 1965. Devonian psammosteids (Agnatha, Psammosteidae) of the USSR. pp. 1-304. Eesti NSV TA Geoloogia Instituut.
Karatajūtė-Talimaa, V. N. 1963. Genus Asterolepis from the Devonian deposits of Russian platform. The data of the geology of the Lithuania, pp. 65-168. The Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR.
Vasiliauskas, V. 1963. Phyllolepis tolli sp. nov. and some questions of the stratigraphy of the Famenian deposits in the Baltic Area. The data of the geology of the Lithuania, pp. 407-429. The Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR.
Mark, E. J. 1963. On the spinal plate of the Middle Devonian arthrodire Homostius. ENSV TA Geoloogia Instituudi Uurimused XIII, 189-200.
Obrucheva, O. P. 1962. Pancirnye ryby devona SSSR (kokkosteidy i dinihtiidy). pp. 1-188. Izdalel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta.
Karatajūtė-Talimaa, V. N. 1960. Byssacanthus dilatatus (Eichw.) from the Middle Devonian of the U.S.S.R.. Collected papers for the XXI session of the International Geological Congress, pp. 293-305. Pargale.
Mark, E. J. 1953. Holonema species from the Middle Devonian of the Estonian SSR. Loodusuurijate Seltsi Juubelikoguteos, pp. 382-396. Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus.
Gross, W. 1940. Acanthodier und Placodermen aus den Heterostius-Schichten Estlands und Lettlands. Tartu Ülikooli juures oleva Loodusuurijate Seltsi Aruanded 46, 12-99.
Heintz, A. 1934. Revision of the Estonian Arthrodira. Part I. Family Homostiidae Jaekel. Eesti Loodusteaduse Arhiiv X, 4, 1-115.
Gross, W. 1933. Die unterdevonischen Fische und Gigantostraken von Overath. Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt 145, 41-77.
Gross, W. 1933. Die Fische des baltischen Devons. Palaeontographica 79, 1-2, 1-74. E. Schweizerbart.
Woodward, A. S. 1895. On the Devonian Ichthyodorulite, Byssacanthus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 15, 86, 142-144. DOI:10.1080/00222939508677860
Asmuss, H. 1856. Das vollkommenste Hautskelet der bisher bekannten Thierreiche. An fossilen Fischen des Alten Rothen Sandsteins aufgefunden und aus ihren Resten erläutert: Abhandlung. pp. 1-39. Schünmanna Wittwe & C. Mattiesen.
Leitud liigid
3. Actinolepis tuberculata Agassiz, 1845 | Pärnu lade→Aruküla lade
5. Asterolepis dellei Gross, 1940 | Burtnieki lade
7. Asterolepis estonica Gross, 1940 | Narva lade→Aruküla lade
9. Asterolepis radiata Rohon, 1900 | Amata lade→Plavinase lade
11. Bothriolepis cellulosa (Pander, 1846) | Amata lade→Plavinase lade
17. Bothriolepis leptocheira curonica Gross, 1942 | Frasnes'i lade→Famenne'i lade
18. Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933 | Frasnes'i lade
Loading...
Klassifikatsioon
organismirühmBiota
riikAnimalia
hõimkondChordata
alamhõimkondVertebrata
infrahõimkondGnathostomata
ülemklassOsteichthyes
Tetrapoda
klassAcanthodii
Chondrichthyes
Placodermi
seltsAcanthothoraci
Antiarchi
Arthrodira
Euantiarcha
Euarthrodira
Petalichthyida
Ptyctodontida
Rhenanida
perekondHybosteus
Janusiscus
See also