klass

Placodermi McCoy, 1848

Rüükalad

Taksoni iseloomustus

Eesti ala Vanaaegkonnas elanud lõugsuused (Gnathostomata) jagunevad nelja suurde rühma: rüükalad ehk plakodermid (Placodermi), akantoodid (Acanthodii), kõrhkalad (Chondrichthyes) ja luukalad (Osteichthyes).

Devoni ajastul elanud rüükalad ehk plakodermid (Placodermi), said oma nime nende keha esipoolt katnud paksu luuplaatidest rüü järgi. Rüü koosnes pea ja keharüüst ning mõlemad jagunesid omakorda erineva kuju ja suurusega luuplaatideks. Liigeskaelalistel rüükaladel (Arthrodira) oli pea ja kehaosa vahel kuklaliiges. Rüükaladel olid hästi arenenud paarisuimed ja sabauim ning kõhrest sisetoes. Neil ei olnud hambaid, toitu haarasid nad lõugade teravate servadega. Enamus rüükaladest elas veekogude põhjas, toitus detriidist ja taimedest. Väikesed rüükalad olid 3-4 cm pikkused. Suurematest röövkaladest, nagu Kanadast leitud Dunkleosteus, kelle pikkus ulatus kuni 11 meetrini, said maailma esimesed hiidselgroogsed. Esimesed Plakodermid ilmusid Siluri ajastul, nende õitseaeg langes aga Devoni ajastusse, mil nad saavutasid kiiresti suure mitmekesisuse. Teatakse ligikaudu 200 rüükalade perekonda, neist enamikku tuntakse ainult luuplaatide järgi, terved eksemplarid on haruldased. Eesti aladelt on leitud hulgaliselt Devoni ajastul elanud erinevate rüükalade luuplaate.

 

Rüükala Asterolepis ornata rekonstruktsioon, V. Karatajute-Talimaa joonis.

Valik taksonit käsitlevast teaduskirjandusest
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Trinajstic, K., Long, J. A., Ivanov, A. O., Mark-Kurik, E. 2019. A new genus of ptyctodont (Placodermi) from the Late Devonian of Baltic area. Palaeontologia Electronica 22, 2, 1-19. DOI:10.26879/890
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Long, J. A., Mark-Kurik, E., Young, G. C. 2014. Taxonomic revision of buchanosteoid placoderms (Arthrodira) from the Early Devonian of south-eastern Australia and Arctic Russia. Australian Journal of Zoology 62, 1, 26-43. DOI:10.1071/ZO13081
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Mark-Kurik, E., Põldvere, A. 2012. Devonian stratigraphy in Estonia: current state and problems. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 61, 1, 33-47. DOI:10.3176/earth.2012.1.03
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Mark-Kurik, E. 2004. Buchanosteids (Placodermi, Arthrodira) from Central Asia. Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates, pp. 431-438. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
Mark-Kurik, E., Young, G. C. 2003. A new Buchanosteid Arthrodire (placoderm fish) from the Early Devonian of the Ural Mountains. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23, 1, 13-27. DOI:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[13:ANBAPF]2.0.CO;2
Mark-Kurik, E. 2002. Kartalaspis and other Early Devonian arthrodires and their stratigraphical significance. The Fifth Baltic Stratigraphical Conference, pp. 117-119. Geological Survey of Lithuania.
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Mark-Kurik, E. 1994. Plakodermy i ih stratigrafičeskoe značenie. Stratigrafiâ i fauna nižnedevonskih otloženij tarejskogo opornogo razreza (Tajmyr), pp. 123-131. Nedra.
Mark-Kurik, E. 1993. Remarks on the trunk-shield structure in Homostius (Placodermi). Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 42, 4, 176-180. DOI:10.3176/geol.1993.4.05
Mark-Kurik, E. 1991. Contribution to the correlation of the Emsian (Lower Devonian) on the basis of placoderm fishes. Newsletters on Stratigraphy 25, 1, 11-23. DOI:10.1127/nos/25/1991/11
Mark-Kurik, E., Ivanov, A., Obrucheva, O. 1991. The endoskeleton of shoulder girdle in ptyctodonts (Placodermi). Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Geology 40, 4, 160-164. DOI:10.3176/geol.1991.4.04
Ivanov, O. A. 1988. The new arthrodire genus from the Upper Devonian of Timan. Paleontologicheski Zhurnal 1, 121-123.
Mark-Kurik E. 1985. Actinolepis spinosa n. sp. (Arthrodira) from the Early Devonian of Latvia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5, 4, 287-292. DOI:10.1080/02724634.1985.10011866
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Leitud liigid
3. Actinolepis tuberculata Agassiz, 1845 | Pärnu lade→Aruküla lade
5. Asterolepis dellei Gross, 1940 | Burtnieki lade
7. Asterolepis estonica Gross, 1940 | Narva lade→Aruküla lade
9. Asterolepis radiata Rohon, 1900 | Amata lade→Plavinase lade
11. Bothriolepis cellulosa (Pander, 1846) | Amata lade→Plavinase lade
17. Bothriolepis leptocheira curonica Gross, 1942 | Frasnes'i lade→Famenne'i lade
18. Bothriolepis maxima Gross, 1933 | Frasnes'i lade
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Klassifikatsioon
organismirühmBiota
riikAnimalia
hõimkondChordata
alamhõimkondVertebrata
organismirühmGnathostomata
ülemklassOsteichthyes
Tetrapoda
klassAcanthodii
Chondrichthyes
Placodermi
seltsAcanthothoraci
Antiarchi
Arthrodira
Euantiarcha
Euarthrodira
Petalichthyida
Ptyctodontida
Rhenanida
perekondHybosteus
Janusiscus
See also