hõimkond

Echinodermata Bruguière, 1791

Okasnahksed

Taksoni iseloomustus

Okasnahksed on mereliste organismide rühm, mille hulka kuuluvad tänapäeva meredes laialt levinud meritähed, meriliiliad, merisiilikud ja meripurad. Tänu tugevale kaltsiidist koosnevale skeletile on okasnahksed väga sagedased ka kivististena – nende skeletifragmentidest võivad koosneda paksud settelasundid, Eestis näiteks Vasalemma marmori nime all tuntud lubjakivierim. Kõige tavalisemad okasnahksete kivistised Eestis on nn varreliste okasnahksete (Pelmatozoa) rõnga- või torukujulised varrelülid. Siluri ajastu okasnahtsete vars võis olla mitme cm jämedune. Selliseid lülisid võib leida Saaremaalt, kus neid sisaldavat Kaugatuma lademe kivimit tuntakse rahvakeeli ka sõrmuspae nime all. Mereliiliate hulka kuulvate varreliste okasnahksete põhiskelett koosnes üksikutest plaadikestest, mis peale looma surma enamasti üksteisest eraldusid. Tervikuna  säilunud mereliiliate fossiilid on seetõttu haruldased.

Klassifikatsioon

Okasnahksed jagatakse enamasti kahte suuremasse rühma: Pelmatozoa ja Eleutherozoa. Neist esimene sisaldab sessiilseid (merepõhjale kinnituvaid) vorme nagu meriliiliad. Teise rühma kuuluvad aktiivselt liikuvad vormid nagu meritähed ja merisiilikud.

Valik taksonit käsitlevast teaduskirjandusest
Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A., Toom, U. 2024. Early Silurian crinoid diversification on Baltica: Euspirocrinus varbolaensis sp. nov.. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 73, 1, 37-44. DOI:10.3176/earth.2024.05
Rozhnov, S. V., Anekeeva, G. A. 2024. First Specimens of the Cornutan Stylophoran Phyllocystis (Echinodermata) in the Ordovician (Volkhov Regional Stage, Dapingian and Darriwilian) of Baltica and Special Aspects of Stylophoran Axial Symmetry. Paleontological Journal 58, 2, 181-195. DOI:10.1134/S0031030123600300
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Sheffield, S. L., Lam, A. R., Phillips, S. F., Deline, B. 2022. Morphological Dynamics and Response Following the Dispersal of Ordovician–Silurian Diploporan Echinoderms to Laurentia. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 34, 9, 123-140. DOI:10.7302/4375
Rozhnov, S. V. 2021. Two Coils in the Morphology of Myelodactylids (Crinoidea, Disparida): the Morphogenetic Basis of Their Formation and Adaptation Potential. Paleontological Journal 55, 9, 993-1012. DOI:10.1134/S0031030121090124
Semenov, N. K., Terentyev, S. S., Mirantsev, G. V., Rozhnov, S. V. 2021. A New Hybocrinid Genus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the Middle Ordovician of Ladoga Glint on the Volkhov River. Paleontological Journal 55, 1, 54-63. DOI:10.1134/S0031030121010123
Cole, S. R., Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A. 2021. A Hirnantian holdover from the Late Ordovician mass extinction: phylogeny and biogeography of a new anthracocrinid crinoid from Estonia. Papers in Palaeontology 7, 2, 1195-1204. DOI:10.1002/spp2.1345
Paul, C. R. C., Toom, U. 2021. Cystoblastus and the origin of the Hemicosmitoida (Echinodermata: Blastozoa). Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 70, 3, 165-181. DOI:10.3176/earth.2021.13
Paul, C. R. C., Toom, U. 2021. The diploporite blastozoan Glyptosphaerites (Echinodermata: Blastozoa) and the origin of diplopores. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 70, 4, 224-239. DOI:10.3176/EARTH.2021.15
Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A., Tinn, O. 2020. Kalana Lagerstätte crinoids: Early Silurian (Llandovery) of central Estonia. Journal of Paleontology 94, 1, 131-144. DOI:10.1017/jpa.2019.27
Ausich, W. I., Wilson, M. A., Toom, U. 2020. Early Silurian recovery of Baltica crinoids following the end-Ordovician extinctions (Llandovery, Estonia). Journal of Paleontology 94, 3, 521-530. DOI:10.1017/jpa.2019.89
Paul, C. R. C., Hotchkiss, F. H. C. 2020. Origin and significance of Lovén's Law in echinoderms. Journal of Paleontology 94, 6, 1089-1102. DOI:10.1017/jpa.2020.31
Cole, S. R., Toom, U. 2019. New camerate crinoid genera from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of Estonia: evolutionary origin of family Opsiocrinidae and a phylogenetic assessment of Ordovician Monobathrida. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17, 7, 597-611. DOI:10.1080/14772019.2018.1447519
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Paul, C. R. C., Rozhnov, S. V. 2016. Revision of Scoliocystis (Rhombifera: Echinoencrinitidae) and related cystoid genera. Paleontological Journal 50, 3, 255-275. DOI:10.1134/S0031030116030059
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Leitud liigid
5. Achradocystites schmidti Hecker, 1958 | Keila lade→Oandu lade
6. Amorphocystis esthoniae Jaekel, 1899 | Ordoviitsium→Silur
7. Anarchocrinus? rossicus Jaekel, 1918 | Ülem-Ordoviitsium
12. Archaegocystis granulata Paul, 1973 | Katy lade→Hirnanti lade
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Klassifikatsioon
organismirühmBiota
riikAnimalia
hõimkondAgmata
incertae sedis
Annelida
Arthropoda
Brachiopoda
Bryozoa
Chordata
Cnidaria
Echinodermata
alamhõimkondAsterozoa
Blastozoa
Echinozoa
Eleutherozoa
Pelmatozoa
klassCyclocystoidea
Homoiostelea
Stylophora
hõimkondHemichordata
Mollusca
Onychophora
Pogonophora
Porifera
Priapulida
alamhõimkondLophotrochozoa
klassChitinozoa
seltsHyolithelminthida
See also